Kidney transplantation involves taking a kidney from the body of a person and surgical implantation into the body of another person with a functionally disabled kidney. The transplanted kidney performs the functions normally in the receiver body. Kidney transplantation is not a cure for renal (kidney) failure, it allows patients to live a more 'normal' life than that experience on dialysis. Patients with a well-functioning transplant have a greater sense of well-being and are able to enjoy a lifestyle free of dialysis treatments, although they must continue with their transplant medications. Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressive agent given to kidney transplant patients to avoid graft rejection. Close relatives are often considered kidney donors to minimize the risk of rejection.

Statement a: Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method at the stage where drugs or dialysis do not provide any relief.

Explanation: Kidney transplantation is considered as the ultimate method for the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) when other treatment options like drugs or dialysis are no longer effective in providing relief. In ESRD, the kidneys are unable to function adequately to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body. Kidney transplantation involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a donor into the recipient's body, replacing the failed kidneys. This allows the recipient to regain normal kidney function and eliminate the need for dialysis or other forms of treatment.

Statement b: Close relatives are often considered as kidney donors to minimize the risk of rejection.

Explanation: Close relatives, such as siblings or parents, are often considered as kidney donors for transplantation because they have a higher chance of sharing compatible human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) with the recipient. HLAs are proteins present on the surface of cells that play a crucial role in the immune response. A close genetic match between the donor and recipient reduces the risk of rejection, as the immune system is less likely to identify the transplanted kidney as foreign and attack it. However, it is important to note that even close relatives may not always be a suitable match, and other factors such as blood type compatibility and overall health of the donor are also taken into consideration.

Statement c: Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant patients.

Explanation: Cyclosporin A is indeed used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant patients. After kidney transplantation, the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted kidney as foreign and tries to reject it. Immunosuppressive medications are administered to suppress the immune response and prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. Cyclosporin A is one of the commonly used immunosuppressive drugs. It works by inhibiting the activity of T cells, which are a type of immune cell responsible for initiating and coordinating the immune response. By suppressing T cell activity, cyclosporin A helps to reduce the risk of rejection and allows the transplanted kidney to function properly.

Conclusion: The correct statement is option 'D' - All of these. Kidney transplantation is indeed considered the ultimate method when drugs or dialysis do not provide relief. Close relatives are often preferred as kidney donors to minimize the risk of rejection, and cyclosporin A is commonly used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant patients.