Factors leading to the birth of the consumer movement in India:
The consumer movement in India can be attributed to several factors that have emerged over the years. These factors have brought about a significant shift in consumer awareness and the need for their protection. Some of the key factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are:

1. Expanding Market and Rapid Industrialization:
- The expansion of the market and the rapid growth of industries led to an increase in the production and availability of goods and services.
- This expansion exposed consumers to a wide range of products and choices, making it necessary for them to be aware of their rights and make informed decisions.

2. Unfair Trade Practices:
- The prevalence of unfair trade practices such as adulteration, substandard goods, false claims, misleading advertisements, etc., created a need for consumer protection.
- Consumers faced difficulties in obtaining quality products and services, and they realized the importance of raising their voice against such practices.

3. Emergence of Consumer Activism:
- Various consumer-led movements, both at the national and international levels, served as a source of inspiration for Indian consumers.
- The success of consumer movements in other countries, such as the United States, encouraged Indian consumers to demand similar rights and protection.

Evolution of the consumer movement in India:
The consumer movement in India has evolved significantly since its inception, gaining momentum and becoming more organized over time. The following are the stages of its evolution:

1. Pre-independence Era:
- The consumer movement in India started during the pre-independence era, with the focus primarily on boycotting British goods.
- The emphasis was on promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and supporting Indian industries.

2. Post-independence Era:
- After India gained independence in 1947, the focus shifted towards creating consumer awareness and protecting consumer rights.
- The Consumer Protection Councils were established in various states to address consumer grievances.

3. 1970s and 1980s:
- This period witnessed the emergence of various consumer organizations and NGOs dedicated to consumer rights.
- The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 1986, providing a legal framework for consumer protection.

4. Liberalization and Globalization:
- The liberalization and globalization policies introduced in the 1990s opened up the Indian market to foreign goods and companies.
- This led to increased consumer awareness and the need for protection against unfair trade practices.

5. Modern era:
- The consumer movement in India has continued to grow and evolve in the modern era, with the advent of e-commerce and online consumerism.
- Consumer forums, helplines, and online platforms have been established to address consumer grievances and provide redressal.

Overall, the consumer movement in India has come a long way, from its early stages of awareness and activism to the establishment of legal frameworks and institutions for consumer protection. The evolution has been driven by factors such as expanding markets, unfair trade practices, and the influence of global consumer movements. Today, the consumer movement plays a crucial role in safeguarding the rights and interests of Indian consumers.