All questions of Era of Mass Nationalism Begins (1919-1939) for UPSC CSE Exam

Achievements of Swarajists:

1. Vitthal Bhai Patel elected as Speaker of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925:
- Swarajists were a group of Indian politicians who contested elections to the Central Legislative Assembly under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, which allowed for limited self-government in India.
- In 1925, Vitthal Bhai Patel, a prominent Swarajist leader, was elected as the Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly, which was a significant achievement for the Swarajist movement.
- Patel was the first Indian to hold this position, and it gave the Swarajists a platform to voice their demands for greater self-government for India.

2. Defeat of the Public Safety Bill 1928:
- The Public Safety Bill was introduced in 1928 by the British government in India to curb political activities and suppress dissent.
- The Swarajists, along with other Indian nationalist groups, opposed the bill and launched a campaign against it.
- The Swarajists' efforts paid off, and the bill was eventually defeated in the Central Legislative Assembly, which was a significant victory for the Indian nationalist movement.

3. Setting up of National Schools and Colleges:
- The Swarajists believed that education was an essential tool for creating a non-colonial ideological framework in India.
- To achieve this goal, they set up national schools and colleges where students were trained in an Indian cultural and ideological framework.
- These institutions aimed to provide education that was free from the influence of colonialism and imperialism, and they played a crucial role in shaping the Indian nationalist movement.

In conclusion, the Swarajists were able to achieve significant victories in their fight for self-government and national education in India. Their efforts helped pave the way for India's eventual independence in 1947.

- This statement is correct. Lonar Lake is indeed a notified National Geo-Heritage Monument.
- Lonar Lake is a unique and ancient crater lake located in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra, India.
- It was formed around 50,000 years ago when a meteorite hit the Earth's surface, creating a circular crater with a diameter of about 1.8 kilometers.
- The lake and its surrounding area have significant geological and ecological importance, which led to its recognition as a National Geo-Heritage Monument.
- The lake is also known for its rich biodiversity and is home to various species of flora and fauna.


- This statement is incorrect. Lonar Lake is not acidic in nature.
- The lake is situated inside the Deccan Plateau, which is a large plateau in central India.
- However, Lonar Lake is alkaline or basic in nature, with a pH level of around 10-11.5.
- The alkalinity of the lake is primarily due to the presence of various salts and minerals dissolved in its water, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
- The lake's alkaline nature has created a unique ecosystem, with several microorganisms adapted to the extreme conditions.

Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, and statement 2 is incorrect. The correct answer is option 'A' - 1 only.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'D' - None of them.

Statement 1: What angered the Indians most was the exclusion of Indians from the commission and the basic notion behind the exclusion that foreigners would discuss and decide upon India's self-government fitness.

This statement is correct. During the time of British rule in India, the Simon Commission was appointed by the British government to propose constitutional reforms for India. However, the commission did not include any Indian members, which angered the Indians. They felt that the exclusion of Indians from the commission was unfair and reflected the British government's lack of trust in the Indian people's ability to discuss and decide upon their own self-government fitness. This exclusion was one of the main reasons for the widespread protests and opposition against the Simon Commission.

Statement 2: This notion was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and as a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Indians.

This statement is also correct. The notion of excluding Indians from the Simon Commission was seen by the Indians as a violation of the principle of self-determination. Self-determination is the right of a nation or people to govern themselves and make decisions about their own political, economic, and social affairs. By excluding Indians from the commission, the British government was denying Indians the opportunity to exercise their right to self-determination and determine their own future.

Furthermore, the exclusion of Indians from the commission was perceived as a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Indians. It sent a message that the British government did not value the opinions and capabilities of the Indian people. This insult to their self-respect further fueled the anger and resentment among the Indian population, leading to widespread protests, boycotts, and demands for complete independence from British rule.

In conclusion, both statements are correct. The exclusion of Indians from the Simon Commission and the notion behind this exclusion were major sources of anger and resentment among the Indian population, as it violated the principle of self-determination and insulted their self-respect.

Muslim participation in NWFP saw overwhelming participation. Merchants and commercial bodies were very enthusiastic.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Both of them.

Explanation:
1. Effective acquisition of new ideology is a prolonged and historical process, whereas the need of the time was a quick change in thinking.
- The statement highlights the fact that effectively acquiring a new ideology takes time and is a historical process. However, during the time period in question, there was a need for a quick change in thinking. This implies that individual heroic action was necessary to bring about immediate change, as waiting for a gradual shift in ideology would not have been feasible.

2. The young intellectuals faced the classic dilemma of how to mobilize people and recruit them. Here, they decided to opt for propaganda by deed, i.e., through individual heroic action and using courts as a forum for revolutionary propaganda.
- This statement explains that the young intellectuals were faced with the challenge of mobilizing people and recruiting them for their cause. In response, they chose to employ propaganda by deed, which refers to taking direct action and demonstrating their revolutionary ideas through individual heroic actions. Additionally, they utilized courts as a platform to spread their message and gain support.

Overall, both statements highlight the need for individual heroic action in order to bring about immediate change in thinking and to effectively mobilize and recruit people for the revolutionary cause. The first statement emphasizes the urgency of the situation, while the second statement explains the specific strategy adopted by the young intellectuals to address the challenge they faced.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Introduction:
Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in 1920. It aimed at achieving Swaraj or self-rule and complete independence from British rule through non-violent means.

Statement Analysis:
1. People from the middle classes led the movement at the beginning, but later they showed a lot of reservations about Gandhi's programme:
- This statement is correct.
- The middle-class people initially supported the Non-Cooperation Movement, but later they showed reservations as the movement became more radical and turned towards boycotting British goods and institutions, which affected their livelihood.
- Some leaders from the middle class also disagreed with Gandhi's decision to call off the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident.

2. In places like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, the response to Gandhi's call was huge:
- This statement is incorrect.
- The response to the Non-Cooperation Movement was not uniform throughout the country.
- In some regions, like Bengal and Punjab, the response was massive, while in others, like Madras, the response was lukewarm.
- However, the movement did manage to mobilize people from different sections of society, including peasants, workers, and students.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, option A, i.e., "1 Only" is the correct answer. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, but it faced some challenges, including reservations from the middle class and uneven response from different regions of the country. Nevertheless, the movement played a crucial role in shaping India's struggle for independence and inspired many other anti-colonial movements across the world.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'a' - Both of them.

Statement 1: In 1927, a large number of Muslim leaders had met at Delhi at the Muslim League session and evolved four proposals for their demands to be incorporated into the draft constitution.

Explanation:
In 1927, the Muslim League session was held in Delhi where a large number of Muslim leaders gathered. During this session, these leaders put forth four proposals to be included in the draft constitution. These proposals were aimed at safeguarding the rights and interests of the Muslim community in India. The demands included separate electorates, reservation of seats for Muslims in legislative bodies, adequate representation of Muslims in government services, and protection of Muslim culture and education. These proposals reflected the concerns and aspirations of the Muslim community at that time.

Statement 2: These proposals, which were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress came to be known as the Delhi Proposals.

Explanation:
After the Muslim League session in Delhi, these proposals were presented to the Madras session of the Indian National Congress. The Congress, recognizing the importance of addressing the concerns of the Muslim community, accepted these proposals. As a result, these proposals became known as the Delhi Proposals. The acceptance of these proposals by the Congress demonstrated the willingness of the nationalist movement to accommodate the demands of the Muslim community within the framework of a united India.

Therefore, both statements are correct. The Muslim League's proposals made at the Delhi session were accepted and came to be known as the Delhi Proposals after being accepted by the Madras session of the Congress.

Reduction of military expenditure and civil service salaries:
- Mahatma Gandhi demanded a reduction in military expenditure as he believed that the resources could be better utilized for the welfare of the people.
- He also called for a decrease in civil service salaries to cut down on unnecessary expenses and promote equality among the citizens.

Changes in the Arms Act:
- Gandhi sought changes in the Arms Act to limit the possession of arms and ammunition, as he believed in non-violence and wanted to prevent any potential violence or armed uprisings.

Abolition of salt tax:
- One of the most famous demands of Mahatma Gandhi was the abolition of the salt tax. He believed that salt was a basic necessity and should be freely available to all citizens without any tax.
Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is option 'A' which includes demands 1, 3, and 4. These demands were part of the eleven demands put forward by Mahatma Gandhi before the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement in India.

Background:
The Congress Ministries, formed during the 1937 provincial elections in British India, implemented several agrarian reforms. These reforms aimed to improve the condition of farmers and agricultural laborers by providing them with better rights, security, and access to resources. However, the effectiveness and impact of these reforms varied in different regions.

Statement 1: Congress Ministries had adequate financial resources, but Ministries did not have adequate powers.
This statement is correct. The Congress Ministries had access to adequate financial resources, as they controlled the provincial governments and had the power to allocate funds for agrarian reforms. However, they faced limitations in their powers as the central government and the British administration still held significant control over key policy decisions and implementation.

The limited powers of the Congress Ministries hindered their ability to fully implement comprehensive agrarian reforms. They often faced opposition and interference from the British administration, which restricted the scope and effectiveness of their initiatives.

Statement 2: Agricultural laborers did not benefit as they had not to be mobilized.
This statement is correct. Agricultural laborers, who were among the most marginalized sections of rural society, did not benefit significantly from the agrarian reforms implemented by the Congress Ministries. These laborers were mostly landless and worked on the farms of others, facing exploitative conditions and low wages.

The Congress Ministries failed to adequately mobilize agricultural laborers and address their specific needs. The reforms mainly focused on providing rights and benefits to the land-owning farmers, neglecting the plight of agricultural laborers. As a result, the reforms did not bring significant improvements in the livelihoods and living conditions of agricultural laborers.

Statement 3: Most of the benefits went to statutory and Occupancy tenants while Sub-tenants did not gain much.
This statement is correct. The agrarian reforms introduced by the Congress Ministries primarily aimed to protect the rights of statutory and occupancy tenants, who had more secure rights to the land they cultivated. These tenants had legal recognition and were entitled to various benefits, such as protection against eviction and fair rents.

On the other hand, sub-tenants, who cultivated land under the tenancy of statutory and occupancy tenants, did not receive similar benefits. The reforms did not adequately address the concerns of sub-tenants, who often faced insecurity and exploitation. Consequently, sub-tenants did not gain as much from the agrarian reforms as statutory and occupancy tenants.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the correct statements about the agrarian reforms implemented by the Congress Ministries are:
- Congress Ministries had adequate financial resources, but Ministries did not have adequate powers.
- Agricultural laborers did not benefit significantly as they had not been mobilized.
- Most of the benefits went to statutory and occupancy tenants, while sub-tenants did not gain much.

The correct answer is B

Explanation:

1. Boycott of Government schools and colleges:
- The Congress approved the non-cooperation program, which included boycotting government schools and colleges.
- This was done to protest against the British government's policies and to show solidarity with the national movement.
- By boycotting government educational institutions, the Congress aimed to cripple the British administration's control over the education system.

2. Boycott of law courts and panchayats:
- Another aspect of the non-cooperation program was the boycott of law courts and panchayats.
- This was a form of civil disobedience aimed at disrupting the functioning of the British legal system.
- By refusing to participate in legal proceedings and local governance bodies, the Congress sought to undermine British authority at the grassroots level.

3. Boycott of Legislative councils:
- The third component of the non-cooperation program was the boycott of legislative councils.
- This was a strategic move to challenge the legitimacy of British rule in India.
- By abstaining from participating in legislative bodies, the Congress aimed to delegitimize the colonial administration and demand self-governance.

Therefore, the correct statement is option 'C' - 1 and 3 Only, as the Congress approved the boycott of government schools and colleges as well as the boycott of legislative councils as part of the non-cooperation program.

Jinnah went back to the Shafi faction of the Muslim League and in March 1929 gave fourteen points which were to become the basis of all future propaganda of the Muslim League. The fourteen points were as follows. 

Explanation:

Jinnah proposed three amendments to the Nehru Report on behalf of the Muslim League at the All Parties Conference held in Calcutta in December 1928. These amendments were aimed at safeguarding the interests of the Muslim community in India and ensuring their representation in the political process. The correct answer is option 'D' - all of the statements are correct.

1. One-third representation to Muslims in the Central legislature:
Jinnah proposed that Muslims should have one-third representation in the Central legislature. This demand was based on the principle of communal representation, which aimed to ensure that minorities had a fair share of representation in the political system. Jinnah argued that since Muslims formed a significant minority in India, they deserved adequate representation to protect their interests.

2. Reschedule powers to provinces:
Jinnah also proposed the rescheduling of powers to provinces. This meant that significant powers would be devolved to the provincial governments, allowing them to make decisions on various matters. This demand was made to ensure that the provinces had autonomy and could address the specific needs and concerns of their respective populations. Jinnah believed that decentralization of power would enable better governance and representation.

3. Reservation to Muslims in Bengal and Punjab legislatures proportional to their population:
Jinnah's third amendment proposed reservation for Muslims in the Bengal and Punjab legislatures proportional to their population. This demand was aimed at securing adequate representation for Muslims in these provinces, which had significant Muslim populations. Jinnah argued that proportional representation would ensure that the interests of the Muslim community were duly protected and that they had a say in the legislative process.

Overall, Jinnah's proposed amendments were meant to address the concerns of the Muslim community and ensure their adequate representation and protection of interests in the political system. These demands were part of the broader discussions on constitutional reforms in India and were significant in shaping the subsequent political developments, including the demand for a separate Muslim-majority nation, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan.

Punjab naujawan Bharat Sabha - 1926 Saunders's Murder - December 1928 Chittagong armoury raid - April 1930

Nagpur session of Indian National Congress was held in December 1920. The session was presided over by C.R. Das. The following statements are correct about the Nagpur session of Indian National Congress:

Program of Non-Cooperation Endorsed:
The program of non-cooperation was endorsed at the Nagpur session of Indian National Congress. The Congress decided to launch a nationwide non-cooperation movement against the British government. The objective of the non-cooperation movement was to compel the British government to concede India's demand for self-government.

Provincial Congress Committees on Linguistic Basis Organized:
Another important decision taken at the Nagpur session of Indian National Congress was the organization of Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis. This was a significant step towards the recognition of linguistic diversity in India. The idea of linguistic states was first proposed by the Congress in the 1920s, and it was finally implemented after independence in 1956.

Congress Committed to Attend the Goal of Self-Government Through Constitutional Means:
The Nagpur session of Indian National Congress committed itself to the goal of self-government through constitutional means. The Congress leaders believed that India could achieve independence through peaceful and constitutional methods. They wanted to use the platform of the Congress to mobilize public opinion in favour of the demand for self-government.

In conclusion, the correct statements about the Nagpur session of Indian National Congress are 1 and 3 only. The session endorsed the program of non-cooperation and organized Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis. The Congress committed itself to the goal of self-government through constitutional means.

• The Hindu Mahasabha was vehemently opposed to the proposals for creating new Muslim-majority provinces and reservation of seats for Muslims majorities in Punjab and Bengal (which would ensure Muslim control over legislatures in both). 
• It also demanded a strictly unitary structure—this attitude of the Hindu Mahasabha complicated matters. 
• Compromises: In the deliberations of the All Parties Conference, the Muslim League dissociated itself and stuck its demand for reservation of seats for Muslims, especially in the central legislature and in Muslim majority provinces. 
• Thus, Motilal Nehru and other leaders drafting the report found themselves in a dilemma: if the demands of the Muslim communal opinion were accepted, the Hindu communalists would withdraw their support, if the latter were satisfied, the Muslim leaders would get estranged. 
• The concessions made in the Nehru Report to Hindu communalists included the following: Joint electorates proposed everywhere but reservation for Muslims only where in the minority; Sindh to be detached from Bombay only after dominion status was granted and subject to the weightage given to Hindu minority in Sindh; Political structure proposed broadly unitary, as residual powers rested with the centre.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'D', neither of them.

Statement 1: In 1929, a conference of prominent national leaders issued a Delhi Manifesto which put forward certain conditions for attending the Round Table Conference.

This statement is correct. The Delhi Manifesto was indeed issued in 1929 by prominent national leaders. The manifesto outlined the conditions under which the Indian National Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference, which was planned by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. The Congress demanded complete independence, the abolition of separate electorates, and the inclusion of representatives from all sections of Indian society in the conference.

Statement 2: Lord Irwin rejected the demands put forward in the Delhi manifesto.

This statement is incorrect. Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India at that time, did not reject the demands put forward in the Delhi manifesto. In fact, he acknowledged the importance of the manifesto and expressed the willingness of the British government to consider the demands of the Indian National Congress. This led to the initiation of the Round Table Conferences in London, where representatives from the Congress and other political parties in India discussed various constitutional issues with the British government.

Therefore, neither of the statements is incorrect. The first statement is true as the Delhi Manifesto was indeed issued in 1929, and the second statement is false as Lord Irwin did not reject the demands put forward in the Delhi manifesto.

Overall, the correct answer is option 'D', neither of them.

The correct answer is option 'B' - 1 and 3 Only.

- Congress Ministries were formed in the following provinces:
- Central Provinces
- Bihar

1. Central Provinces:
- The Central Provinces, also known as Central India, were a British administrative unit in British India.
- The Congress Ministry was formed in the Central Provinces in 1937 after the provincial elections under the Government of India Act, 1935.
- The Congress Party emerged as the largest party in the elections and formed the ministry led by Ravishankar Shukla.

3. Bihar:
- Bihar was also one of the provinces in British India where the Congress Ministry was formed.
- After the provincial elections in 1937, the Congress Party formed the ministry in Bihar under the leadership of Sri Krishna Sinha.
- This marked a significant milestone in the struggle for independence, as it was the first time that the Congress Party came into power in Bihar.

2. Punjab and 4. Bengal:
- The Congress Ministries were not formed in Punjab and Bengal.
- In Punjab, the Unionist Party formed the ministry after the provincial elections in 1937. The Unionist Party was a coalition of various groups, including the Sikhs and the Muslims.
- In Bengal, the Krishak Praja Party, led by A.K. Fazlul Haq, formed the ministry after the elections. The Krishak Praja Party was mainly supported by the Muslim peasants.

Conclusion:
- The Congress Ministries were formed in the Central Provinces and Bihar.
- They were not formed in Punjab and Bengal, where other political parties took charge of the ministries.
- The formation of Congress Ministries in these provinces marked a significant step towards self-governance and independence for India.

Even before the proposed march began, thousands thronged to the ashram. Gandhi gave the following directions for future action. 

The correct answer is option 'D', neither of them.

Explanation:
Let's analyze each statement separately:

1. A strong leftist trend within the Congress, represented by Nehru, was critical of both constructive work and council entry in place of the suspended civil disobedience movement.

- This statement is correct. During the Indian independence movement, there were different ideological factions within the Indian National Congress. Nehru was associated with the leftist faction, which criticized the idea of constructive work (which focused on social and economic reforms) and council entry (participation in legislative bodies) as a substitute for the suspended civil disobedience movement. The leftist faction believed in direct mass struggle and non-constitutionalist methods to achieve independence.

2. This section favored the resumption and continuation of non-constitutionalist mass struggle.

- This statement is also correct. The leftist faction, represented by Nehru, believed in non-constitutionalist methods such as mass struggle, civil disobedience, and direct action to challenge British rule. They advocated for the resumption and continuation of these methods rather than relying on constitutional means like council entry.

Since both statements are correct, the correct answer is option 'D', neither of them.

This Act divided powers between the centre and the provinces. There were three lists which gave the subjects under each government. Federal List (Centre) Provincial List (Provinces) Concurrent List (Both) The Viceroy was vested with residual powers.

The resolution on fundamental rights at the Karachi Congress session included the right to assemble, the right to movement, and free speech and free press. The correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 only.

Explanation:
1. Right to assemble: The right to assemble refers to the freedom of individuals to come together and gather peacefully for a common purpose. This fundamental right allows people to express their opinions, voice their concerns, and protest against any unjust actions or policies of the government. It is an essential aspect of a democracy as it ensures that citizens can collectively express their views and engage in peaceful demonstrations.

2. Right to movement: The right to movement guarantees the freedom of individuals to travel within the country without any restrictions imposed by the government. It allows citizens to move freely from one place to another for various purposes, such as work, education, leisure, or to visit family and friends. This right ensures that people have the freedom to explore and access opportunities beyond their immediate surroundings.

3. Free speech and free press: Free speech and free press are closely related fundamental rights that guarantee the freedom of expression and the dissemination of information. Free speech allows individuals to express their opinions, thoughts, and ideas without fear of censorship or retribution. Free press, on the other hand, ensures that media organizations have the liberty to report news and information without undue interference or control from the government. These rights are crucial for a functioning democracy as they enable the exchange of diverse viewpoints, promote transparency, and hold those in power accountable.

The correct answer is option 'C' (1 and 3 only) because the right to movement (option 2) was not explicitly mentioned in the resolution on fundamental rights at the Karachi Congress session. However, the right to assemble (option 1) and free speech and free press (option 3) were included in the resolution, making option 'C' the correct choice.

Statement 1: There were certain blemishes in the performance of the Congress Ministries regarding civil liberties.

The statement is correct. While the Congress Ministries made significant contributions in various fields, there were indeed some blemishes in their performance regarding civil liberties. These blemishes can be attributed to both external and internal factors.

External Factors:
1. British Interference: The British colonial government often undermined the authority of the Congress Ministries and interfered in their functioning. They used their powers to restrict civil liberties and curtail the freedom of expression of the Congress leaders and supporters.
2. Emergency Measures: During times of crisis, such as World War II, the Congress Ministries resorted to emergency measures that restricted civil liberties. These measures were taken to maintain law and order and protect national security but at times resulted in the infringement of individual rights.

Internal Factors:
1. Factionalism: Within the Congress Ministries, there were differences of opinion and factionalism. This led to conflicts and compromises on issues related to civil liberties. Some leaders prioritized political stability and compromise over protecting civil liberties.
2. Inadequate Implementation: While the Congress Ministries formulated progressive policies and laws to protect civil liberties, the implementation of these measures was not always effective. The bureaucracy, which was largely inherited from the British administration, often acted in ways that were contrary to the spirit of these policies.

Statement 2: Pensions of officials associated with the civil disobedience movement were not restored.

The statement is incorrect. The pensions of officials associated with the civil disobedience movement were indeed restored by the Congress Ministries. This was done as a gesture of recognition and appreciation for their contributions to the freedom struggle. The Congress Ministries considered it important to honor and support those who had sacrificed their careers and faced hardships for the cause of independence.

During the civil disobedience movement, many government officials, including police personnel, resigned from their posts to join the freedom struggle. They faced disciplinary action and were denied pensions by the British colonial administration. However, after the Congress Ministries assumed power in various provinces, they took steps to restore the pensions of these officials. This was seen as a way to encourage and support the freedom fighters and recognize their sacrifices.

In conclusion, statement 1 is correct as there were certain blemishes in the performance of the Congress Ministries regarding civil liberties. However, statement 2 is incorrect as the pensions of officials associated with the civil disobedience movement were indeed restored by the Congress Ministries.

Statement 1: At the time of independence, there were eleven major languages in India
At the time of India's independence in 1947, there were more than eleven major languages spoken in the country. The linguistic diversity of India is immense, with the Constitution recognizing 22 officially recognized languages. These include Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

The Constitution of India grants official language status to these languages based on their regional and cultural significance. Each state in India also has its own official language(s), further adding to the linguistic diversity of the country.

Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect.

Statement 2: In colonial India, English was used as the official language, and Hindi was used as the national language
During colonial rule in India, English was indeed used as the official language. The British colonial administration imposed English as the language of governance, education, and communication. English remained the official language even after India gained independence in 1947.

However, Hindi was not immediately declared as the national language of India. After independence, there were debates and discussions regarding the choice of a national language. Eventually, Hindi was recognized as the official language of the Indian government in 1950, but it was not designated as the sole national language. The Constitution of India recognizes Hindi as the official language of the Union but also allows the use of English for official purposes.

Therefore, Statement 2 is incorrect.

In conclusion, both statements are incorrect. At the time of independence, there were more than eleven major languages in India, and Hindi was not the national language but one of the official languages.

Statement Analysis:

Statement 1: Gandhi initially supported the Swarajist proposal of Council entry, but later he gradually opposed the Swarajists.

Statement 2: In the 1923 elections, the Swarajists had managed to win 100 out of 141 elected seats.

Explanation:
Statement 1 is partially correct. Gandhi initially supported the Swarajist proposal of Council entry, which aimed at working within the legislative councils and using them as a platform for demanding self-rule. However, he gradually became critical of the Swarajists' tactics and believed that their participation in the councils was compromising their principles and weakening the independence movement.

Statement 2 is incorrect. In the 1923 elections, the Swarajists did not win 100 out of 141 elected seats. In fact, the Swarajists suffered a major setback in the 1923 elections, winning only 45 seats out of 101 contested seats. The elections were largely dominated by the Congress and the Muslim League.

Conclusion:
Both statements are not correct. Gandhi initially supported the Swarajist proposal of Council entry, but later he gradually opposed the Swarajists. In the 1923 elections, the Swarajists did not win 100 out of 141 elected seats.

Popularization of khadi was an Uphill task since it was costlier than the imported cloth. National education benefited the urban lower middle classes and the rich peasants only.

The leader of the civil disobedience movement in Orissa was Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari. He played a crucial role in mobilizing the people of Orissa and leading them in their fight against British colonial rule. Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari was a prominent freedom fighter and social reformer who dedicated his life to the cause of Indian independence.

Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari was born on July 6, 1895, in the village of Alasua in Cuttack district, Orissa. He was deeply influenced by the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in the non-cooperation movement. Chaudhari believed in the power of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience as effective means to challenge British authority.

Under the leadership of Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari, the civil disobedience movement gained momentum in Orissa. He organized various protests, marches, and acts of civil disobedience to challenge British laws and policies. Chaudhari encouraged people to boycott British goods, refuse to pay taxes, and participate in acts of civil disobedience such as salt satyagraha and picketing of liquor shops.

Chaudhari also played a significant role in promoting social reforms and uplifting the marginalized sections of society. He fought against untouchability, caste discrimination, and other social evils prevalent at that time. He worked tirelessly to empower women and promote education and healthcare in rural areas.

Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari's leadership and dedication inspired thousands of people in Orissa to join the freedom struggle. He became a symbol of resistance and a source of inspiration for the people of Orissa. His efforts paved the way for the eventual liberation of India from British rule.

In conclusion, Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari was the leader of the civil disobedience movement in Orissa. He played a pivotal role in mobilizing the people of Orissa and leading them in their fight against British colonial rule. Chaudhari's commitment to non-violent resistance and social reform made him a revered figure in the freedom struggle.

Explanation:

1. Congress manifesto reaffirmed total rejection of the 1935 Act
- The Congress manifesto during the election reaffirmed its total rejection of the Government of India Act, 1935.
- This Act was considered by many Congress leaders as a measure imposed by the British government and did not adequately address the demands for self-governance and independence.

2. Congress promised release of prisoners, removal of disabilities based on gender and caste, a radical transformation of the agrarian system
- The Congress party promised in its manifesto the release of political prisoners who had been detained during the freedom struggle.
- They also pledged to remove social disabilities based on gender and caste, advocating for equality and social justice.
- Additionally, the Congress promised a radical transformation of the agrarian system to address issues of land ownership and agricultural practices.

3. Gandhi did not attend a single election
- Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement, did not attend any election campaigns or participate directly in electoral politics.
- He believed in non-violent resistance and focused on mobilizing people through civil disobedience and satyagraha rather than through traditional political means.
Therefore, all the given statements are correct as per the context of the Indian independence movement and the Congress party's stance during that period.