All questions of Class 9 NCERT Economics for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Explanation:
Poverty is a prevalent issue in India, but it is incorrect to say that every person in India is poor. The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - Every 5th person in India is poor.

Here are the details to support this answer:

1. Poverty in India:
India is a developing country with a large population, and poverty is one of the significant challenges that the country faces. The poverty rate in India is measured using the poverty line, which is the minimum level of income required to meet a person's basic needs.

2. Poverty Line:
The poverty line in India is determined based on the expenditure required to purchase a minimum set of food items that would provide a person with a daily intake of 2,400 calories in rural areas and 2,100 calories in urban areas. The poverty line is updated periodically to adjust for inflation and changes in food prices.

3. Poverty Statistics:
According to the latest poverty estimates released by the Government of India, the poverty rate in India was 21.9% in 2011-12, which means that approximately 270 million people in India were living below the poverty line. This number has since reduced, with the latest estimates indicating that the poverty rate in India was around 10% in 2019.

4. Every 5th person is Poor:
Based on these statistics, it is incorrect to say that every person in India is poor. However, it is accurate to say that every 5th person in India is poor, which means that out of every five people, one person is living below the poverty line.

In conclusion, poverty is a significant issue in India, but it is important to have accurate information and statistics when discussing the topic. The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - Every 5th person in India is poor.

The correct answer is option 'A', Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan. Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years. It is a flagship program of the Government of India implemented in partnership with state governments.

Below are the reasons why Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children:

1. Universalization of Elementary Education: The main objective of SSA is to achieve universalization of elementary education. It aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years.

2. Infrastructure Development: SSA focuses on improving the infrastructure and facilities in schools to ensure a conducive learning environment. This includes the construction of classrooms, provision of furniture, drinking water facilities, toilets, etc.

3. Training and Capacity Building: SSA emphasizes the training and capacity building of teachers to improve the quality of education. It provides in-service training to teachers to upgrade their skills and knowledge in teaching methodologies.

4. Curriculum and Pedagogy: SSA promotes the development of a child-centric curriculum and pedagogy. It aims to make learning more interactive, engaging, and relevant to the needs of the children. This helps in enhancing the learning outcomes of students.

5. Inclusive Education: SSA focuses on providing education to marginalized and disadvantaged groups such as children with disabilities, girls, and children from economically weaker sections of society. It aims to bridge the gender and social gaps in education.

6. Mid-Day Meal Scheme: While the mid-day meal scheme is not specifically a part of SSA, it complements the program by addressing the issue of hunger and malnutrition among children. The provision of nutritious meals in schools helps in attracting and retaining children in schools, thereby promoting elementary education.

7. Community Participation: SSA emphasizes community participation in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of the program. This helps in creating a sense of ownership among the community members and ensures the effective utilization of resources.

In conclusion, Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years. It strives to achieve universalization of elementary education by focusing on infrastructure development, training and capacity building of teachers, inclusive education, community participation, and improving learning outcomes.

Haryana state was the first to try out modern farming methods in India.

Increase in longevity of life is an good indicator of good quality of life on the top priority but also it is marked by self-confidence of an individual. And this in turn increase his/her ability to do more work which will enhance the nation's situation on a long term and HDI ranking.
If our population is healthy , it will automatically lead to development in all sectors whether it's health, education or economy.
Hence option should be all of the above.

C) Machines

Working Capital

Working capital refers to the capital that is used to carry out day-to-day operations of a business. It includes the funds that are required to purchase raw materials, pay for wages and salaries, rent, utilities, and other expenses that are required to keep the business running smoothly.

Money in hand is an example of working capital because it is the cash that is readily available to a business to pay for its immediate expenses. It is also known as cash on hand or cash in hand.

Other examples of working capital include:

- Inventory: The stock of goods that a business keeps on hand to sell to customers.
- Accounts receivable: The money that a business is owed by its customers for goods or services that have been provided but not yet paid for.
- Accounts payable: The money that a business owes to its suppliers for goods or services that have been received but not yet paid for.

Working capital is an important aspect of business operations because it ensures that a business has enough funds to meet its short-term obligations. Without sufficient working capital, a business may struggle to pay its bills and could be forced to close its doors.

Crops fed to buffaloes in Palampur

The correct answer is option 'C' - Jowar and Bajra.

Explanation:

Palampur is a small village in Himachal Pradesh, India, where farming is the main occupation. The farmers in Palampur use two types of crops for feeding their buffaloes:

1. Jowar - It is a coarse grain crop grown in Palampur. The farmers use it to feed their buffaloes as it is rich in nutrients and provides energy to the animals. Jowar is also used to make roti and other food items for human consumption.

2. Bajra - Bajra is another coarse grain crop grown in Palampur. It is used to feed buffaloes as it is a good source of energy and helps in increasing milk production in the animals.

Buffaloes are important for the farmers in Palampur as they provide milk, which is a major source of income for them. The farmers take care of their buffaloes by providing them with proper food and shelter. They also use the dung of the animals as a fertilizer for their crops, which helps in increasing the productivity of the land.

Correct answer is option 'A', "Minimum Support Price (MSP)". The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the price at which the government purchases food grains from farmers for creating buffer stocks. MSP is a form of market intervention by the government to protect the interests of farmers and ensure fair prices for their produce. The government sets the MSP for various crops based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and is announced before the start of the sowing season. The MSP ensures that farmers are not exploited by private buyers, and also provide a support price for the farmers. This helps in ensuring food security and also helps farmers to get a fair price for their produce.

Physical capital include raw materials which is required for farming
so right answer is fixed and working capital

It is true because the village Palampur is located in Uttar Pradesh

The correct answer is option D, "2013". The National Food Security Act was passed in India on September 12, 2013. The act aims to provide subsidised food grains to approximately two-thirds of India's 1.2 billion people. This act guarantees 5 kg of food grains per person per month at highly subsidized prices of Rs. 1-3/Kg to priority and Antyodaya households. This act was passed by the parliament and got Presidential assent on 10th September 2013 and came into force from 5th July, 2014.

A farmer is a person who cultivates crops and raises livestock for food, fiber, or other products. They may work on their own land or on rented or leased land, and their work involves planting, harvesting, and tending to crops, as well as caring for and breeding animals. Farmers may also be involved in marketing and selling their products, as well as managing their finances and operations. Many farmers work long hours and face various challenges, such as weather conditions, pests and diseases, and market fluctuations. However, farming can also be a rewarding and fulfilling profession that allows individuals to connect with nature and provide essential resources to their communities.

The organisation that carries out a survey for determining the poverty line is the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

NSSO is a government organisation that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators in India. One of the important tasks of NSSO is to estimate poverty levels in the country.

The poverty line is the minimum income required to meet the basic needs of an individual or a household. The poverty line is determined by calculating the cost of a basket of essential goods and services required for a person to sustain a basic standard of living.

The NSSO conducts a survey every few years to collect data on income and expenditure patterns of households across the country. Based on this data, the poverty line is determined. The poverty line varies for rural and urban areas and is updated periodically to reflect changes in the cost of living.

The poverty line is an important tool for policymakers to design and implement poverty alleviation programmes. It helps in identifying the target population for such programmes and in monitoring their effectiveness.

Land is fixed, option B

Milk

Economic vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of a household or individual to economic shocks and uncertainties. In India, the most vulnerable groups are:

Rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households:
• These households are dependent on daily wages for their livelihoods and have limited or no job security.
• They are often forced to work in exploitative conditions and have low bargaining power.
• They have limited access to social protection schemes and are more likely to fall into poverty during economic downturns or natural disasters.

Farmers with 1-hectare land:
• These farmers have small landholdings and are often unable to invest in modern farming techniques or machinery.
• They are dependent on erratic rainfall and are more vulnerable to crop failures and price fluctuations in the market.
• They often have limited access to credit and insurance facilities, making it difficult for them to cope with economic shocks.

Urban small shopkeepers:
• These shopkeepers operate small businesses in urban areas and are often located in low-income neighborhoods.
• They have limited resources to expand their businesses and are vulnerable to competition from larger retailers.
• They are also vulnerable to economic downturns and natural disasters that can disrupt their business operations.

Urban daily wages:
• These workers are employed in the informal sector and have no job security or social protection.
• They are often paid low wages and work in unsafe conditions.
• They are vulnerable to economic shocks and natural disasters that can cause a loss of income and push them into poverty.

In conclusion, the most vulnerable economic groups in India are those who are employed in the informal sector, have low job security, and limited access to social protection schemes. These groups are more susceptible to economic shocks and natural disasters, which can lead to poverty and economic insecurity.

Explanation:

- NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act): It is a poverty alleviation programme that provides guaranteed 100 days of employment to rural households. It aims to enhance the livelihood security of people in rural areas by providing them with wage employment opportunities.
- AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana): It is a scheme that provides highly subsidized food grains to the poorest of the poor households in both rural and urban areas. The scheme aims to provide food security to the poorest sections of the society.
- NSSO (National Sample Survey Office): It is a government agency that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators to provide information for policy formulation and planning. It is not a poverty alleviation programme.
- PMGY (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Yojana): It is a poverty alleviation programme that aims to provide basic amenities like housing, electricity, and sanitation to rural households. It aims to improve the living conditions of people in rural areas.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' because NSSO is not an anti-poverty programme but a government agency that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators.

Irrigation is the process of providing water to crops through artificial means. It is an essential component of agriculture, especially in areas where rainfall is insufficient or irregular. The main reason why farmers are able to grow two or three crops in a year is due to a well-developed system of irrigation. Let's understand this in detail.

Importance of Irrigation in Agriculture:
Irrigation is crucial for agriculture because it helps in:

1. Providing Water: Irrigation helps in providing water to crops, which is essential for their growth and development. With irrigation, farmers can grow crops even in areas with low rainfall or drought-prone regions.

2. Enhancing Crop Yield: Adequate water supply through irrigation helps in enhancing crop yield. Irrigation ensures that crops receive a sufficient amount of water, which is needed for their growth, and prevents the water stress that crops may face due to inadequate rainfall.

3. Crop Diversification: With irrigation, farmers can grow a variety of crops throughout the year. This diversification of crops ensures that farmers have a steady income throughout the year and reduces their dependence on a single crop.

4. Soil Fertility: Irrigation can help in maintaining soil fertility by preventing soil erosion and leaching of essential nutrients from the soil.

Well-developed System of Irrigation:
A well-developed system of irrigation is essential for growing two or three crops in a year. It involves the following:

1. Availability of Water: A reliable source of water is essential for irrigation. This can be achieved through the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals that can store and distribute water to fields.

2. Proper Distribution of Water: The water needs to be distributed evenly to the crops. This can be achieved through the use of sprinklers, drip irrigation, or furrow irrigation.

3. Efficient Use of Water: Efficient use of water is essential for sustainable agriculture. This can be achieved through the use of water-saving technologies like mulching, crop rotation, and use of drought-resistant crops.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a well-developed system of irrigation is essential for agriculture. It helps in providing water to crops, enhancing crop yield, and maintaining soil fertility. With irrigation, farmers can grow two or three crops in a year, which ensures a steady income throughout the year.

Option a

The poverty line is the minimum income level required to meet the basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter. It is an important measure used to assess poverty and to determine eligibility for various government programs.

In India, the poverty line is determined by the Planning Commission, which calculates it based on the cost of a basket of essential goods and services. The poverty line varies by region and is adjusted annually for inflation.

For the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person in rural areas in India was fixed at Rs. 816 per month. This means that a person earning less than Rs. 816 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line.

Some key points to note about the poverty line in India are:

- The poverty line varies by region and is higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
- The poverty line is based on a consumption basket that includes food, clothing, and shelter, as well as some other basic needs like fuel and light.
- The poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation, but some experts argue that it is still too low and does not accurately reflect the true cost of living for most people in India.
- The poverty line is used to determine eligibility for various government programs like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) and the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) that provide food, employment, and other support to people living below the poverty line.

In conclusion, the poverty line for a person in rural areas in India was fixed at Rs. 816 per month for the year 2011-12. This is an important measure used to assess poverty and to determine eligibility for various government programs.

Correct answer is B Lower than a market price

The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-run program that provides food grains and other essential commodities to the poor and needy at subsidized prices. Here are the correct statements about PDS:

PDS dealers divert the grain to open market to get a better margin: This statement is correct. PDS dealers sometimes sell the grains meant for ration shops in the open market to make more profit.

They sell poor quality grains at ration shops: This statement is correct. PDS dealers sometimes sell poor quality grains at ration shops, which can be harmful to the health of the people who consume them.

They open shops irregularly: This statement is correct. PDS shops are often closed on days when they are supposed to be open, which can cause inconvenience to the people who depend on them.

They sell good quality grain at ration shops at a slightly higher price: This statement is not correct. PDS dealers are supposed to sell good quality grains at subsidized prices at ration shops. They are not allowed to charge a higher price than the fixed rate.

In conclusion, the PDS is an important program that helps to provide food security to the poor and needy. However, there are issues with the functioning of the system that need to be addressed in order to ensure that the benefits of the program reach the intended beneficiaries.

The correct answer is option 'A'. Alternative name for ration shops is "Fair Price Shops." These shops are government-run retail outlets that sell essential commodities such as food grains, sugar, and kerosene oil, at a price below the market rate. These shops are usually set up to provide essential commodities at a fair and affordable price, especially to people who are below the poverty line or belong to vulnerable sections of society.

Exclusion in India

Exclusion is a process of keeping someone or a group of people out of participation in social, economic, or political spheres. India, being a diverse country, has seen various forms of exclusion. One of the most prominent forms of exclusion in India is the caste system.

Caste System

The caste system is a hierarchical social system prevalent in India that divides people into four main castes- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. However, there are many sub-castes within each caste. People are born into a particular caste and are expected to follow the customs and traditions of that caste. This system has led to exclusion and discrimination of certain castes.

Example of Exclusion in India

The caste system has excluded certain castes from equal opportunities. For example, people belonging to the lower castes are not allowed to enter temples, draw water from wells, or even touch the upper-caste people. They are also excluded from many job opportunities and are paid lesser wages for the same work. This form of exclusion has led to a lack of social and economic mobility for these people.

Conclusion

Exclusion in India is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. The caste system has led to the exclusion of certain castes and has created a divide between people. It is important to promote inclusivity and provide equal opportunities for everyone, irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, or any other factor.

Explanation:


Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals or groups are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, low education, or lack of access to necessary services. Social exclusion is a common indicator of poverty because it often results from a lack of resources, such as access to education, healthcare, social services, and economic opportunities.




Examples of social exclusion:

• Being unable to afford basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter


• Being denied access to education or training opportunities


• Being discriminated against on the basis of race, gender, or religion


• Being excluded from social activities or events due to poverty


• Being unable to access healthcare services

Therefore, social exclusion is a common indicator of poverty. Those who experience social exclusion often face multiple and interconnected disadvantages, which can perpetuate the cycle of poverty. As a result, it is important to address social exclusion as part of efforts to reduce poverty and promote social inclusion.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Kerala.

Explanation:
According to a 2001 study, Kerala had the highest literacy rate among the given options. Here is a detailed explanation of why Kerala had the highest literacy rate:

1. Historical Factors:
Kerala has a long history of prioritizing education and literacy. The state's social reform movements in the early 20th century, such as the efforts by social reformers like Sree Narayana Guru and Ayyankali, played a significant role in promoting education and literacy.

2. Education System:
Kerala has a well-developed education system with a high emphasis on quality education. The state government has made significant investments in infrastructure, teacher training, and educational institutions. This has helped in improving the overall literacy rate in the state.

3. Focus on Primary Education:
Kerala has focused on providing primary education to all children, ensuring that they have a strong foundation. This focus on primary education has helped in boosting the literacy rate, as it is easier to achieve universal literacy when children receive quality education from an early age.

4. Female Literacy:
Kerala has also achieved remarkable progress in female literacy. The state has actively promoted gender equality and women's empowerment, which has resulted in higher female literacy rates compared to other states in India. This has had a positive impact on the overall literacy rate of the state.

5. Social Development:
Kerala's high literacy rate is also linked to its overall social development. The state has achieved high levels of human development indicators such as healthcare, gender equality, and access to basic amenities. These factors contribute to a conducive environment for promoting literacy.

6. Literacy Campaigns:
Kerala has conducted various literacy campaigns to eradicate illiteracy. The state government, along with non-governmental organizations, has implemented programs to reach out to marginalized sections of society and provide them with opportunities for education. These campaigns have helped in reducing the literacy gap in the state.

Overall, Kerala's high literacy rate can be attributed to its historical emphasis on education, a well-developed education system, focus on primary education, gender equality, social development, and effective literacy campaigns. These factors have contributed to making Kerala the state with the highest literacy rate as per the 2001 study.

Option A is correct

The statement "Vulnerability to poverty is determined by the options for finding an alternative living in terms of assets, education, and health" is true. Let us explain it in detail:

Assets:
- Assets refer to the resources that an individual or household possesses, including land, property, savings, livestock, etc.
- The possession of assets can provide a cushion against poverty by providing a source of income or a means of collateral to access credit.
- In contrast, those who lack assets may be more vulnerable to shocks such as illness, natural disasters, or economic downturns, which can push them further into poverty.

Education:
- Education is an important determinant of long-term poverty reduction as it can provide individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to access better-paying jobs and increase their earnings.
- Lack of education can limit job opportunities and lead to lower wages, making it difficult to escape poverty.
- Education can also lead to improved health outcomes, increased civic engagement, and reduced gender inequality.

Health:
- Good health is essential for individuals to be able to participate in the workforce and earn a living.
- Illness or disability can reduce or eliminate an individual's ability to work, leading to a loss of income and increased vulnerability to poverty.
- Lack of access to healthcare services can also exacerbate poverty, as individuals may be forced to pay out-of-pocket for medical expenses or forego treatment altogether.

In conclusion, vulnerability to poverty is determined by a combination of factors, including assets, education, and health. Addressing these factors through policy interventions and programs can help reduce poverty and improve overall well-being.

High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds are a type of seeds that have been specifically bred and developed to increase productivity and yield. These seeds are a result of scientific research and selective breeding techniques that aim to enhance the genetic potential of crops.

- Definition and Purpose: HYV seeds are designed to have superior characteristics such as disease resistance, tolerance to environmental conditions, and high yield potential. They are developed to address the challenges of food scarcity and meet the increasing demand for agricultural products due to the growing population.

- Advantages: HYV seeds offer several advantages over traditional varieties:
- Increased Yield: The primary objective of HYV seeds is to maximize crop yield. They are selected for their ability to produce more grains, fruits, or vegetables per unit area, resulting in higher productivity.
- Disease Resistance: HYV seeds are bred to be resistant to specific diseases, pests, and pathogens, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and increasing crop resilience.
- Adaptability: These seeds are developed to thrive in various climatic conditions, including drought-prone or waterlogged areas, allowing farmers to cultivate crops in regions where traditional varieties may fail.
- Reduced Growing Time: HYV seeds have shorter maturation periods, enabling multiple crop cycles in a year and increasing overall production.
- Improved Quality: Some HYV seeds are selected for their nutritional value, taste, or appearance, leading to better-quality crops.

- Impact: The introduction of HYV seeds has had a significant impact on global agriculture:
- Increased Food Production: HYV seeds have played a crucial role in increasing food production, helping to meet the growing demand for food and reducing hunger in many regions.
- Economic Benefits: Higher crop yields translate into increased income for farmers, leading to improved livelihoods and rural development.
- Environmental Considerations: While HYV seeds have contributed to increased productivity, they have also raised concerns about environmental sustainability. The use of chemical inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, in conjunction with HYV seeds, can have adverse effects on soil health, water quality, and biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential to adopt sustainable agricultural practices alongside the use of HYV seeds.

In conclusion, HYV seeds, standing for High Yielding Variety seeds, are a result of scientific breeding techniques and selection processes aimed at improving crop productivity and meeting the global demand for food. These seeds offer advantages such as increased yield, disease resistance, adaptability, and improved crop quality. However, their use should be accompanied by sustainable agricultural practices to ensure long-term environmental sustainability.

Multiple cropping involves growing more than one crop on a piece of land during a year. This practice is often used in areas with a warm climate and abundant rainfall, where conditions are favorable for rapid growth and development of crops.

Advantages of multiple cropping:

• Maximizes the use of land, allowing farmers to produce a greater variety of crops and increase their income.

• Reduces the risk of crop failure, as different crops have different requirements and are less susceptible to pests and diseases.

• Improves soil fertility by diversifying the types of crops grown, which can help maintain soil structure and nutrient levels.

• Provides a more stable source of food and income for farmers and their families.

Examples of multiple cropping:

• Intercropping: growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land, such as planting maize and beans together.

• Relay cropping: planting a second crop before the first crop is harvested, such as planting wheat in a field of corn.

• Sequential cropping: planting a second crop immediately after the first crop is harvested, such as planting soybeans after wheat.

In conclusion, multiple cropping is a beneficial agricultural practice that allows farmers to increase their crop yields, reduce risk, and improve soil fertility.

Number of Poor People in India between 2011-12

According to the report released by the Planning Commission of India in 2013, the poverty line for 2011-12 was set at Rs. 816 per capita per month in rural areas and Rs. 1,000 per capita per month in urban areas. Based on this poverty line, the number of poor people in India between 2011-12 was estimated as follows:

- The population of India in 2011-12 was 121 crore (1.21 billion).
- The poverty ratio (percentage of people below the poverty line) was 25.7% in rural areas and 13.7% in urban areas.
- Applying these poverty ratios to the population of India, the number of poor people in rural areas was estimated at 81 crore (810 million) and the number of poor people in urban areas was estimated at 46 crore (460 million).
- Adding these numbers, the total number of poor people in India between 2011-12 was estimated at 27 crore (270 million).

Therefore, the correct answer is option B, which states that there were 27 crore poor people in India between 2011-12.

Explanation:

Minimum Support Price (MSP): It is the price announced by the government at which it purchases crops from the farmers directly or through authorized agencies in case of a bumper crop. The MSP is fixed to ensure that farmers get a fair price for their produce and are encouraged to grow more crops.

Incentives to Farmers: The main objective of MSP is to provide incentives to farmers to produce more crops and ensure that they get a fair price for their produce. By providing a guaranteed price for their crops, farmers are encouraged to invest in their crops, which leads to increased production, better quality, and higher yields. This, in turn, increases their income and helps in reducing poverty in rural areas.

Incentives to Middlemen: MSP does not provide any incentives to middlemen. In fact, MSP reduces the role of middlemen as the government procures crops directly from the farmers or through authorized agencies. This ensures that the farmers get a fair price for their produce and middlemen do not exploit them by offering very low prices.

Incentives to Government Officials: MSP does not provide any incentives to government officials. The government officials are responsible for implementing the MSP policy and ensuring that the farmers get a fair price for their produce. They are not entitled to any additional benefits or incentives for doing their job.

Conclusion: Thus, we can conclude that MSP is announced by the government to provide incentives to farmers and not to middlemen or government officials. It is an important policy to encourage farmers to produce more crops and ensure that they get a fair price for their produce.