All questions of Geography CUET UG Mock Tests 2026 for Humanities/Arts Exam

Quinary activities

Quinary activities refer to jobs that involve a high degree of innovation and are considered to be the most advanced form of economic activities. These activities are characterized by their focus on knowledge-intensive and creative tasks, often involving high-level decision-making and leadership roles.

Innovation and creativity

Innovation is the process of developing new ideas, products, or methods that bring about positive change. It involves thinking outside the box, coming up with unique solutions to problems, and introducing new concepts or technologies. Jobs that require a high degree of innovation are typically those that involve research and development, design, and strategic planning.

Quinary activities and economic development

Quinary activities are crucial for economic development as they drive technological advancements, promote productivity, and contribute to overall growth. These activities often require highly skilled professionals who possess specialized knowledge and expertise in their respective fields. Examples of quinary activities include scientific research, technological development, high-level management, and leadership roles.

Differentiating quinary activities from other economic activities

To understand the concept of quinary activities better, it is essential to differentiate them from other economic activities:

1. Primary activities: Primary activities involve the extraction and production of natural resources, such as agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry. These activities are essential for the supply of raw materials but do not necessarily involve a high degree of innovation.

2. Secondary activities: Secondary activities refer to the processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods. This includes industries such as manufacturing, construction, and utilities. While some secondary activities may involve innovation, they are not primarily focused on it.

3. Quaternary activities: Quaternary activities are knowledge-based activities that involve the processing and dissemination of information. This includes services like information technology, telecommunications, financial services, and consultancy. While quaternary activities may involve innovation to some extent, they are not as focused on innovation as quinary activities.

4. Quinary activities: Quinary activities are known for their high degree of innovation and creativity. They involve the development of new ideas, strategies, and technologies that shape the future. Jobs in this sector often require advanced education, specialized skills, and expertise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, quinary activities are jobs that involve a high degree of innovation and are considered the most advanced form of economic activities. These activities are crucial for economic development, driving technological advancements, and promoting overall growth. They require highly skilled professionals who possess specialized knowledge and expertise. Differentiating quinary activities from other economic activities helps to understand their significance and contribution to innovation and progress.

True Statements

Statement 1: It took more than a century to achieve the mark of two billion people in 1927, but only 33 years to reach the three billion mark in 1960.

This statement is true. The world population took over a century to reach two billion in 1927, but the third billion was added in just 33 years in 1960. This was due to a combination of factors, including advances in medicine, increased food production, and improvements in sanitation.

Statement 2: The second stage of the demographic transition is the pre-industrial stage.

This statement is false. The second stage of the demographic transition is the transitional stage, not the pre-industrial stage. In the transitional stage, there is a decline in the death rate due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, but the birth rate remains high. This leads to a rapid increase in population growth. The pre-industrial stage is the first stage of the demographic transition, characterized by high birth and death rates and slow population growth.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false. The world population took over a century to reach two billion in 1927, but the third billion was added in just 33 years in 1960. The second stage of the demographic transition is the transitional stage, not the pre-industrial stage.

Plantation crops refer to cash crops that are grown on large farms or plantations, usually for export. They require specialized labor and often have a long growing season. Some examples of plantation crops include coffee, tea, rubber, and sugarcane.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'C', which is wheat. Wheat is not a plantation crop because it is typically grown on smaller farms, rather than large plantations. It also has a shorter growing season and does not require specialized labor. Wheat is mostly grown for domestic consumption, although some countries do export it.

On the other hand, coffee, tea, rubber, and sugarcane are examples of plantation crops. These crops are grown on large farms or plantations, often in tropical or subtropical regions. They require specialized labor and extensive management practices to ensure high yields and quality.

Conclusion:
In summary, plantation crops refer to cash crops that are grown on large farms or plantations for export. Wheat is not a plantation crop because it is typically grown on smaller farms, does not require specialized labor, and is mostly consumed domestically.

Environmental determinism and possibilism

Griffith Taylor introduced a new form of determinism called Neodeterminism or stop and go determinism, which lies between the ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism.

Environmental determinism is the belief that the physical environment, including factors such as climate, topography, and resources, determines the cultural and social development of a society. It suggests that human behavior and societal characteristics are primarily shaped by the environment in which they live. This perspective was prevalent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when scholars sought to explain the differences in human societies based on their geographic surroundings.

On the other hand, possibilism is a contrasting viewpoint that suggests that while the environment may provide opportunities and constraints, it does not solely determine human behavior. Possibilism argues that humans have the ability to make choices and adapt to their environment. It emphasizes the role of human agency and cultural factors in shaping society.

Neodeterminism or stop and go determinism

Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism, also known as stop and go determinism, bridges the gap between these two ideas. It acknowledges that the environment does play a significant role in shaping human behavior and cultural development, but it also recognizes the agency and choices made by individuals and societies.

Instead of viewing the environment as a deterministic force that completely determines human behavior, neodeterminism suggests that it operates in a stop and go manner. This means that while the environment may provide certain opportunities or constraints, human agency and cultural factors can interrupt or redirect the deterministic influence.

Explanation of the correct answer

The correct answer to the question is option A - environmental determinism and possibilism. This is because Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism is positioned between these two ideas. It takes into account the importance of the environment in shaping human societies but also acknowledges the role of human agency and cultural factors. The other options listed in the question, such as structuralism and postmodernism, Darwinism and Universalism, or humanism and possibilism, do not directly relate to Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism.

Resource Potential for Wind and Solar Energy in Rajasthan

Introduction:
Rajasthan, located in the northwestern part of India, has immense potential for renewable energy, particularly wind and solar power. The state's geographical location, vast open spaces, and favorable weather conditions make it an ideal destination for harnessing these resources.

Wind Energy Potential:
Rajasthan possesses a significant wind energy potential due to its geographical features and favorable wind patterns. The key factors contributing to the state's wind energy potential are:

1. Geographical Location: Rajasthan is situated on the western side of the Aravalli Range, which acts as a barrier to the southwest monsoon winds. As a result, the state experiences strong and consistent winds during the summer and monsoon seasons, making it an ideal location for wind energy generation.

2. Open Spaces: Rajasthan has vast stretches of flat, barren land that is ideal for setting up wind farms. These open spaces facilitate the installation of wind turbines, allowing for efficient harnessing of wind energy.

3. Wind Density: The state has a high wind density, particularly in regions such as Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Bikaner. The average wind speed in these areas ranges from 6 to 7 meters per second, which is considered favorable for wind power generation.

Solar Energy Potential:
Rajasthan is also endowed with abundant solar energy resources. The factors contributing to the state's solar energy potential are:

1. Sunlight Intensity: Rajasthan receives ample sunlight throughout the year due to its geographical location. The state experiences around 300 days of clear skies annually, resulting in high solar radiation levels and intense sunlight.

2. Large Land Availability: The state has vast stretches of barren land, making it suitable for the establishment of solar power plants. These open spaces provide ample opportunities for the installation of solar panels and the generation of solar energy.

3. Solar Irradiance: Rajasthan has one of the highest solar irradiance levels in India, with an average annual solar radiation of around 6-7 kWh/m²/day. This high solar irradiance ensures efficient conversion of sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic systems.

Conclusion:
Considering the favorable wind patterns, high wind density, abundant sunlight, and large land availability, Rajasthan stands as a potential resource for both wind and solar energy. The state has made significant progress in harnessing these renewable resources, with several wind farms and solar power plants already operational. Expanding the renewable energy sector in Rajasthan can contribute significantly to India's overall energy mix and help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby promoting sustainable development.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'A' - Shift in demand for organic produce.

Reason:
Institutional or technological reforms in agriculture refer to changes in policies, practices, or technologies that aim to improve the efficiency, productivity, and sustainability of agricultural production. These reforms are typically implemented by governments or other institutions to address specific challenges or opportunities in the agricultural sector.

Let's examine each option to determine which one is not an institutional or technological reform in agriculture:

a) Shift in demand for organic produce:
This option refers to a change in consumer preferences and market demand for organic produce. While this shift in demand may influence the practices and strategies adopted by farmers and agribusinesses, it is not an institutional or technological reform implemented by the government or other institutions.

b) Subsidising fertilisers and pesticides:
This option refers to the provision of financial support or incentives by the government to farmers for the purchase of fertilizers and pesticides. This is an example of an institutional reform aimed at promoting the use of agricultural inputs to increase productivity.

c) Digitalisation of retailing in agriculture:
This option refers to the adoption of digital technologies and platforms for the marketing and distribution of agricultural products. The digitalization of retailing is a technological reform that aims to improve efficiency, transparency, and accessibility in agricultural value chains.

d) Provision of crop insurance by the government:
This option refers to the government's provision of insurance coverage to farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, pests, or other risks. This is an institutional reform aimed at reducing the financial risks faced by farmers and promoting agricultural resilience.

In summary, the option that is NOT an institutional or technological reform in agriculture is a) Shift in demand for organic produce. While consumer demand for organic produce may influence agricultural practices, it is not a reform implemented by institutions or governments.

The first city to achieve the status of a mega city by 1950 was New York.

Explanation:
By the year 1950, New York had already established itself as a mega city, becoming the first city to achieve this status. This achievement was a result of several factors:

1. Population:
New York had experienced rapid population growth during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The city attracted a large number of immigrants, primarily from Europe, who sought better economic opportunities. This influx of people contributed to the city's population growth and its transformation into a mega city.

2. Industrialization:
New York was at the forefront of the industrial revolution in the United States. The city became a hub for manufacturing, trade, and commerce, attracting businesses and entrepreneurs. The growth of industries in New York led to an increase in job opportunities, further attracting people from other regions.

3. Infrastructure:
New York had invested in developing its infrastructure to support its growing population and thriving industries. The city had a well-established transportation system, including an extensive network of railways, bridges, and tunnels. This infrastructure facilitated the movement of goods and people, contributing to the city's growth and development.

4. Economic Opportunities:
New York offered a wide range of economic opportunities, making it an attractive destination for individuals seeking employment and financial prosperity. The city had a diverse economy, with sectors such as finance, manufacturing, trade, and entertainment flourishing. The presence of major industries and corporations created a vibrant job market, further fueling the city's growth.

5. Cultural and Intellectual Center:
New York was not only an economic powerhouse but also a cultural and intellectual center. The city was home to renowned educational institutions, museums, theaters, and art galleries. This cultural richness and intellectual environment attracted artists, writers, and scholars, enhancing the city's reputation and appeal.

Conclusion:
New York's population growth, industrialization, infrastructure development, economic opportunities, and cultural significance were the key factors that contributed to its achievement as the first mega city by 1950. The city's status as a global economic and cultural hub continues to this day.

Overview of National Waterway No. 1
National Waterway No. 1 (NW-1) is a significant inland waterway in India, playing a crucial role in promoting trade and transportation through waterways.
Location
- River: The Ganga
- Route: Haldia to Prayagraj
Importance of the Route
- Length: Approximately 1,620 kilometers (1,000 miles).
- Connectivity: Links the eastern region of India to the northern hinterland, enhancing trade routes.
Economic Significance
- Cargo Movement: Facilitates the movement of bulk cargo, reducing congestion on roads and railways.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Water transport is generally more economical compared to road and rail, making it an attractive option for businesses.
Infrastructure Development
- Terminals: Development of terminals at strategic locations like Haldia and Prayagraj to handle cargo efficiently.
- Modernization: Ongoing efforts to improve navigability through dredging and other infrastructure enhancements.
Environmental Impact
- Sustainability: Promotes eco-friendly transportation options, helping to reduce carbon emissions.
- Biodiversity: Careful management is required to protect the river ecosystem while developing waterways.
In conclusion, National Waterway No. 1 between Haldia and Prayagraj on the Ganga River is pivotal for enhancing India's inland water transport, driving economic growth, and promoting sustainable practices.

Belgium has the highest railway density of 1 km of railway for every 6.5 sq km of land among the given options.

Railway density refers to the length of railway tracks in a country relative to the land area. It is an important measure to assess a country's transportation infrastructure and connectivity.

Here is a detailed explanation of why Belgium has the highest railway density among the given options:

1. Railway Density Calculation:
- Railway density is calculated by dividing the total length of railway tracks in a country by the land area.
- In this case, the railway density is 1 km of railway for every 6.5 sq km of land.
- The country with the highest railway density will have the smallest value in this ratio.

2. Railway Density in Switzerland:
- Switzerland is known for its efficient and extensive railway network. However, it has a relatively larger land area compared to Belgium.
- The Swiss Alps and mountainous terrain make it challenging to build railway tracks in certain regions.
- Therefore, Switzerland may have a lower railway density compared to Belgium.

3. Railway Density in Denmark:
- Denmark is a relatively small country with mostly flat terrain, which makes it easier to construct railway tracks.
- However, Denmark has a larger land area compared to Belgium.
- Therefore, the railway density in Denmark may be lower than in Belgium.

4. Railway Density in Italy:
- Italy has a diverse landscape, including mountainous regions, which can pose challenges in building railway infrastructure.
- Italy also has a larger land area compared to Belgium.
- Therefore, the railway density in Italy may be lower than in Belgium.

5. Railway Density in Belgium:
- Belgium is a small country with a highly developed railway network.
- Its compact size and relatively flat terrain make it easier to build and maintain railway tracks.
- Belgium has a well-integrated railway system connecting its major cities and also provides international connections.
- As a result, Belgium has the highest railway density among the given options.

In conclusion, Belgium has the highest railway density of 1 km of railway for every 6.5 sq km of land among Switzerland, Denmark, and Italy due to its small size and well-developed railway network.

Assertion (A): Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development.
Reason (R): Per capita income governs the extent of human development.

The correct answer is option 'C' - A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

Human Development Index (HDI)
- Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of human development which takes into account factors such as life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
- It provides a comprehensive picture of a country's overall development and well-being.
- HDI is calculated based on three dimensions: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.

Kerala's Performance in Human Development
- Kerala has consistently performed much better than Punjab and Gujarat in terms of human development.
- The state has achieved a high level of human development despite having a lower per capita income compared to Punjab and Gujarat.
- This indicates that per capita income alone does not govern the extent of human development.

Reasoning Behind Kerala's High HDI
- Kerala's high HDI can be attributed to several factors:
- High literacy rate: Kerala has achieved a near-universal literacy rate, which has contributed to the improvement in education and knowledge indicators of HDI.
- Focus on healthcare: The state has invested heavily in healthcare infrastructure and services, resulting in high life expectancy and quality healthcare facilities.
- Social indicators: Kerala has achieved significant progress in reducing poverty, improving gender equality, and ensuring social inclusion, which are important components of human development.

Per Capita Income and Human Development
- While per capita income is an important factor in determining the standard of living, it is not the sole determinant of human development.
- Human development encompasses various dimensions beyond income, such as education, healthcare, and overall well-being.
- Countries or regions with higher per capita income may not necessarily have higher human development if other factors are not given due importance.

Conclusion
- The assertion that Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development is true.
- However, the reason given that per capita income governs the extent of human development is false.
- Kerala's exceptional performance in human development can be attributed to its focus on education, healthcare, and social indicators, rather than solely relying on per capita income.