All questions of Environment & Ecology for UPSC CSE Exam

Why answer is not "D"

Explanation:

A) Mature tropical forests:
- Mature tropical forests are known to be one of the most carbon-rich ecosystems on Earth due to their dense vegetation and large biomass.
- The trees in these forests have a high capacity to sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, converting it into organic matter and storing it in their trunks, branches, leaves, and roots.
- However, mature tropical forests are also subject to deforestation and degradation, which can release stored carbon back into the atmosphere.

B) Saltmarsh:
- Saltmarshes are coastal ecosystems that are characterized by a mixture of salt-tolerant grasses, sedges, and other plants.
- These ecosystems have a high capacity to sequester carbon due to the accumulation of organic matter in their soils, which is known as blue carbon.
- Saltmarshes have high rates of plant productivity and low rates of decomposition, leading to the long-term storage of carbon in their soils.
- The wet and anaerobic conditions in saltmarshes slow down the decomposition process, allowing organic matter to accumulate and be stored for extended periods.

C) Grassland:
- Grasslands are ecosystems dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants, with relatively low levels of woody vegetation.
- While grasslands can sequester carbon through plant growth and decomposition, they typically store less carbon compared to mature tropical forests and saltmarshes.
- The carbon storage in grasslands is primarily in the form of plant biomass, which can be influenced by factors such as climate, soil fertility, and management practices.

D) Bare soil:
- Bare soil refers to land without any vegetation cover.
- Bare soil has a limited capacity to sequester carbon as there are no plants actively photosynthesizing and converting carbon dioxide into organic matter.
- Without vegetation, there is also a higher risk of soil erosion and loss of soil organic carbon.

Conclusion:
Based on the given options, saltmarshes would sequester the most carbon for a given unit of area. This is due to the high rates of plant productivity, low rates of decomposition, and the accumulation of organic matter in their soils. Mature tropical forests also have high carbon sequestration potential, but they are subject to deforestation and degradation, which can release stored carbon back into the atmosphere. Grasslands have a lower capacity to sequester carbon compared to saltmarshes and mature tropical forests. Bare soil has the least capacity to sequester carbon as there is no vegetation actively contributing to carbon uptake and storage.

However, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is responsible for promoting international collaboration in education, science, culture, and communication. Some of the programs and initiatives that are part of UNESCO include:

1. World Heritage Sites Program: This program identifies and protects important cultural and natural heritage sites around the world.

2. Education for All: A global initiative aimed at achieving universal primary education and promoting lifelong learning.

3. Intangible Cultural Heritage: This program recognizes and protects cultural practices and traditions that are passed down from generation to generation.

4. Memory of the World: This program aims to preserve and provide access to important documentary heritage, including manuscripts, maps, and audiovisual materials.

5. Biosphere Reserves: This program promotes the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in designated areas around the world.

6. Creative Cities Network: This initiative supports the development of creative industries and promotes cultural diversity and innovation in cities around the world.

Macro nutrient is a magnesium but questions ask for micro nutrient it is iron copper

Explanation:

The given statements are related to the differences between cold water corals and warm water corals.

1. Cold water corals, in general, have greater amount of zooxanthellae than warm water corals and does not build reef-like structures.
- This statement is incorrect. Cold water corals do not have symbiotic zooxanthellae algae, which means they do not rely on photosynthesis for their survival. Hence, they do not build reef-like structures like their warm water counterparts.

2. Cold-water corals differ from warm water corals because the former does not contain symbiotic algae for photosynthesis and grow more slowly.
- This statement is correct. As mentioned earlier, cold water corals do not have symbiotic zooxanthellae algae for photosynthesis. Therefore, they rely on filter-feeding to obtain their nutrients, which makes them grow more slowly than their warm water counterparts.

Hence, the correct answer is option B - 2 only.

Explanation:

The productivity of an ecosystem refers to the rate at which energy is produced and stored as biomass by plants through photosynthesis. The productivity can be measured in terms of the amount of organic matter produced per unit area per unit time. The correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity is as follows:

- Mangroves: Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems found in coastal areas. They have a high rate of photosynthesis and support diverse plant and animal life. The dense vegetation of mangroves provides a rich source of organic matter, which makes them highly productive.

- Grasslands: Grasslands are also productive ecosystems, characterized by a variety of grass species. They receive a moderate amount of rainfall, which supports the growth of grasses. Grasslands are home to a wide range of herbivores and support grazing animals.

- Lakes: Lakes are freshwater ecosystems that can vary in productivity depending on various factors such as nutrient availability and sunlight penetration. Lakes receive nutrients from surrounding land and are also influenced by the productivity of their catchment area. They support a variety of aquatic plants, algae, and fish.

- Oceans: Oceans are the largest and most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They have a lower productivity compared to the previous ecosystems mentioned. The primary productivity in the oceans is largely limited by nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. Phytoplankton, which are microscopic algae, are the primary producers in the ocean and form the base of the marine food chain.

Summary:
The correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity is: Mangroves, Grasslands, Lakes, Oceans.

- Neuston: These are unattached organisms which live at the air-water interface.
- Nekton: These are organisms which remain attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants.
- Benthos: The benthic organisms are those found living in the bottom of the water mass.

The correct statements among the given options are 1 and 3, which means option A is the correct answer.

1. Neuston:
- Neuston refers to the organisms that live at the air-water interface.
- These organisms are unattached and float on or near the surface of the water.
- They can include various types of organisms such as algae, insects, and small invertebrates.
- Neuston organisms rely on surface tension and surface movements to float and move around.
- Examples of neuston organisms include water striders, water lilies, and certain types of bacteria.

2. Nekton:
- The given statement regarding nekton is incorrect.
- Nekton refers to the group of organisms that are capable of swimming and moving independently in the water.
- They are not attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants.
- Examples of nekton organisms include fish, whales, dolphins, and turtles.

3. Benthos:
- The given statement regarding benthos is correct.
- Benthos refers to the organisms that live at the bottom of a water body.
- These organisms can be found in freshwater, marine, and even brackish habitats.
- Benthos organisms can include various types of invertebrates such as worms, crustaceans, and mollusks.
- They play an important role in nutrient cycling and energy transfer within aquatic ecosystems.

In conclusion, the correct statements among the given options are 1 and 3. Neuston organisms are unattached organisms that live at the air-water interface, while benthos organisms are found at the bottom of the water mass. The statement regarding nekton organisms being attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants is incorrect.

Bioluminescent organisms are found in various environments, not just in the ocean. The correct statements are:
- Color of the light emitted:
The color of the light emitted by bioluminescent organisms depends on their chemical properties. Different organisms produce light of varying colors due to the presence of different chemicals in their cells.
- Defense mechanism:
In some organisms, bioluminescence acts as a defense mechanism. For example, when threatened by predators, certain bioluminescent organisms can produce a bright light to startle or confuse the predator, allowing them to escape. This defense mechanism helps protect the organism from potential harm.
Therefore, the correct statements are that the color of the light emitted by bioluminescent organisms depends on their chemical properties, and in some organisms, bioluminescence acts as a defense mechanism.

Peatlands




Statement 1: Peatlands are wetlands where permanently waterlogged conditions prevent the complete decomposition of dead plant material.


Statement 2: Peatlands are highly space-effective carbon stocks and contain more carbon than the entire forest biomass of the world.


Statement 3: Peatlands are formed only under tropical climate conditions.




The correct statements are:




Statement 1: Peatlands are wetlands where permanently waterlogged conditions prevent the complete decomposition of dead plant material.


Statement 2: Peatlands are highly space-effective carbon stocks and contain more carbon than the entire forest biomass of the world.




Explanation:


Peatlands are wetlands that are characterized by permanently waterlogged conditions. This waterlogging prevents the complete decomposition of dead plant material, leading to the accumulation of partially decomposed organic matter known as peat. This accumulation occurs at a rate faster than the decomposition, resulting in the formation of peat layers over time. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.




Peatlands are considered to be highly important carbon stocks. They contain more carbon than the entire forest biomass of the world combined. This is because the waterlogged conditions in peatlands hinder the decomposition process, allowing for the long-term storage of carbon in the form of peat. Peatlands are estimated to store around 550 gigatons of carbon globally, which is more than the carbon stored in all the trees and vegetation in the world's forests. Hence, statement 2 is also correct.




However, statement 3 is incorrect. Peatlands are not formed only under tropical climate conditions. They can be found in various climatic regions, including tropical, temperate, and boreal zones. The formation of peatlands depends on factors such as waterlogging, low oxygen levels, and the presence of suitable plant species that contribute to the accumulation of peat. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.




In conclusion, statements 1 and 2 regarding peatlands are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.

The Ocean as a Carbon Sink

The ocean plays a crucial role in regulating the global carbon cycle and acts as a large carbon sink on Earth. This means that it absorbs and stores a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change. There are several reasons why the ocean acts as a carbon sink:

Rich Population of Phytoplankton and Seagrass
One of the main reasons why the ocean is a carbon sink is its rich population of phytoplankton and seagrass. Phytoplankton are microscopic marine plants that perform photosynthesis, converting CO2 and sunlight into organic carbon. Through this process, they remove CO2 from the surface waters of the ocean and convert it into organic matter. When phytoplankton die, their organic carbon sinks to the ocean floor, where it can be stored for centuries or longer.

Seagrass also plays a significant role in carbon sequestration. Like phytoplankton, seagrass uses photosynthesis to convert CO2 into organic carbon. The carbon stored in seagrass meadows can be preserved for long periods of time, contributing to the overall carbon sink capacity of the ocean.

Large Geographical Coverage
The vastness of the ocean also contributes to its role as a carbon sink. The ocean covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, providing a large area for the absorption and storage of carbon dioxide. The sheer size of the ocean allows for the dilution of atmospheric CO2 and provides ample space for carbon to be stored in various forms.

Difference in Partial Pressure of CO2
Another important factor that enables the ocean to act as a carbon sink is the difference in the partial pressure of CO2 between seawater and air. Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, and the concentration of CO2 in the ocean is determined by the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. As a result, when the partial pressure of CO2 in the air is higher than that in the seawater, CO2 molecules diffuse from the atmosphere into the ocean. This process helps to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and store it in the ocean.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the ocean acts as a large carbon sink on Earth due to the rich population of phytoplankton and seagrass, its large geographical coverage, and the difference in the partial pressure of CO2 between seawater and air. Understanding the ocean's role as a carbon sink is crucial for addressing climate change and developing strategies to mitigate its impacts. By protecting and preserving marine ecosystems, we can enhance the ocean's capacity to sequester carbon and contribute to a more sustainable future.

The Greenhouse Effect:
The increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air is contributing to the greenhouse effect and subsequently raising the temperature of the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space. Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases responsible for this effect.

Carbon Dioxide and Infrared Radiation:
Option B states that carbon dioxide absorbs the infrared part of solar radiation, and this is the correct answer. Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the sun and other warm bodies. When the sun's rays reach the Earth's surface, they are absorbed and re-emitted as infrared radiation. This radiation is then absorbed by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, causing them to vibrate and release heat energy.

How Carbon Dioxide Absorbs Infrared Radiation:
Carbon dioxide molecules have a unique structure that allows them to absorb specific wavelengths of infrared radiation. When infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere, carbon dioxide molecules in the air absorb certain wavelengths, particularly those in the range of 13-17 μm (micrometers). This absorption process causes the carbon dioxide molecules to vibrate, which in turn releases heat energy and warms the surrounding air.

Implications of Carbon Dioxide Absorption:
The absorption of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide has significant implications for the Earth's climate. As the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, more infrared radiation is absorbed, leading to a buildup of heat in the atmosphere. This trapped heat causes the Earth's temperature to rise, leading to global warming and climate change.

Other Factors:
While carbon dioxide absorption of infrared radiation is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect, it is not the only factor. Other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and water vapor also play a role in trapping heat. However, carbon dioxide is particularly important because of its long atmospheric lifetime and its ability to absorb a wide range of infrared wavelengths.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere primarily because it absorbs the infrared part of solar radiation. This absorption leads to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat and causing global warming. Understanding the role of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the Earth's climate system is crucial for addressing the challenges of climate change and finding sustainable solutions.

Burning of coal by man:
- Burning of coal by humans does not add nitrogen to the soil. Coal is primarily composed of carbon, and when burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.
- Coal burning does not directly affect the nitrogen content in the soil.

Death of vegetation:
- The death of vegetation does contribute nitrogen to the soil through a process called nitrogen fixation.
- Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into a usable form for plants and other organisms.
- When vegetation dies, the organic matter decomposes, and nitrogen-containing compounds are released into the soil.
- These compounds can be converted into forms such as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-), which can be readily absorbed by plants and used for growth.

Excretion of urea by animals:
- Animals excrete waste products, including urea, which contains nitrogen.
- Urea is a nitrogen-rich compound that is produced in the liver as a byproduct of protein metabolism.
- When animals urinate or defecate, the urea is deposited into the soil, adding nitrogen to the ecosystem.
- Urea can be broken down by soil microorganisms into ammonium and eventually converted into nitrate, which can be taken up by plants.

Conclusion:
- The correct answer is option 'C' (2, 3).
- The death of vegetation and the excretion of urea by animals are both processes that add nitrogen to the soil.
- Burning of coal by humans does not contribute to nitrogen levels in the soil.

Advantages of Fly Ash Utilization:

1. Soil Conditioner and Improved Water Holding Capacity:
- Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and contains various beneficial minerals and nutrients.
- When added to soil, fly ash acts as a soil conditioner, enhancing its physical and chemical properties.
- It improves the water holding capacity of soil, allowing it to retain moisture for longer periods.
- This is particularly beneficial in arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity is a challenge.
- Improved water holding capacity helps in sustaining plant growth and reduces irrigation requirements.

2. Stronger and More Durable Concrete:
- Fly ash is widely used as a supplementary cementitious material in the production of concrete.
- When mixed with cement and water, fly ash reacts with calcium hydroxide to form additional cementitious compounds.
- This results in a denser concrete with reduced permeability, increased strength, and improved durability.
- Fly ash concrete exhibits enhanced resistance to chemical attack, abrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles.
- It also reduces the heat of hydration, making it suitable for mass concrete applications such as dams and bridges.

3. Manufacturing of Absorbents for Drinking Water Purification:
- Fly ash can be processed to produce activated carbon, which is widely used as an adsorbent in drinking water treatment.
- Activated carbon has a high surface area and porosity, allowing it to effectively remove contaminants such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and pollutants from water.
- Fly ash-based activated carbon is cost-effective and provides an eco-friendly alternative to traditional carbon sources like coal or coconut shells.
- It helps in improving the quality of drinking water by removing impurities and harmful substances.

In conclusion, fly ash utilization offers several advantages. It acts as a soil conditioner, improving water holding capacity and supporting plant growth. It is also used in the production of stronger and more durable concrete, reducing permeability and increasing resistance to various forms of deterioration. Additionally, fly ash can be processed to manufacture absorbents suitable for drinking water purification, ensuring the removal of contaminants and improving water quality. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2, and 3.

I'm sorry, but I cannot perform that task.

The correct code is (c) 2, 3.

Explanation:
TRAFFIC is a wildlife trade monitoring network that works to combat illegal trade in wild animals and plants. It is a joint program of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Let's examine the given statements one by one:

1. It is a joint program of WWF and UNEP.
This statement is correct. TRAFFIC is indeed a joint program of WWF and UNEP. WWF is a well-known international conservation organization, while UNEP is the leading global environmental authority.

2. TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
This statement is correct. TRAFFIC is widely recognized as a leading NGO working on the issue of wildlife trade. It focuses on monitoring and analyzing the trade in wild animals and plants, aiming to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. By addressing the illegal wildlife trade, TRAFFIC plays a crucial role in protecting endangered species and ecosystems.

3. To achieve this goal, it works with national and international conventions, governments, enforcement agencies, private sector companies, and consumers.
This statement is correct. TRAFFIC collaborates with various stakeholders to combat illegal wildlife trade. It works with national and international conventions such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to ensure the enforcement of regulations. TRAFFIC also engages with governments, enforcement agencies, private sector companies, and consumers to raise awareness, enhance law enforcement, and promote sustainable trade practices.

In conclusion, TRAFFIC is indeed a joint program of WWF and UNEP. It is a leading NGO that works globally on trade in wild animals and plants, aiming to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. To achieve its goals, it collaborates with national and international conventions, governments, enforcement agencies, private sector companies, and consumers. Therefore, the correct code is (c) 2, 3.

Phytoplankton are microscopic marine plants that play a crucial role in the marine ecosystem as they are the primary producers of organic matter through photosynthesis. They are found in the upper layers of ocean water due to the abundant sunlight available in this region. This is explained by the following factors:

1. Abundant sunlight in the upper layer of ocean water:
- Phytoplankton require sunlight for photosynthesis, which is the process by which they convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter.
- The upper layers of ocean water receive the most sunlight compared to the deeper layers. Sunlight is able to penetrate the upper layers of the water due to its transparency.
- Sunlight is essential for the growth and survival of phytoplankton, as it provides the energy needed for photosynthesis to occur. Therefore, phytoplankton tend to concentrate in the upper layers of the ocean where they can access the maximum amount of sunlight.

2. Absence of nutrients in deep ocean water:
- While sunlight is abundant in the upper layers, deep ocean water receives very little sunlight, making it unsuitable for photosynthesis by phytoplankton.
- However, deep ocean water does contain nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and trace elements that are essential for phytoplankton growth.
- These nutrients are often brought to the surface through a process called upwelling, where cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean rises to replace warmer surface water.
- As a result, the upper layers of ocean water are enriched with nutrients, making them ideal for phytoplankton growth.
- Phytoplankton can take up these nutrients from the water and use them for their growth and reproduction.

In conclusion, phytoplankton are generally found in the upper layers of ocean water due to the combination of abundant sunlight and the presence of nutrients. The sunlight allows them to carry out photosynthesis, while the nutrients in the upper layers provide the necessary resources for their growth and survival. This distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is essential for maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems and supporting other marine organisms.

The correct answer code is b) 3-1-2-4.

The ecosystems can be arranged in the decreasing order of biomass productivity as follows:
1. Tropical rainforest: These ecosystems have the highest biomass productivity due to the abundant sunlight, rainfall, and nutrients available. They can produce around 2200 g per square metre per year.
2. Coral reefs: Although they cover a small area, coral reefs have high biomass productivity because of the symbiotic relationship between corals and algae. They can produce around 2000 g per square metre per year.
3. Open ocean: The open ocean has relatively low biomass productivity due to the limited availability of nutrients and sunlight in the deep waters. It can produce around 125 g per square metre per year.
4. Deserts: Deserts have the lowest biomass productivity because of the scarcity of water and nutrients. They can produce around 70 g per square metre per year.

A) The Rules are applicable to Municipal areas and urban agglomerations only.

's Hubble Space Telescope.
2. The construction of TMT has faced opposition from some indigenous Hawaiian groups.
3. TMT is a joint project between Canada, India, Japan, China, and the United States.
4. TMT will be located on the summit of Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii.

All of the statements are true.

B is correct option
first and third statement are correct

NBWL is chaired by PM

Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that occurs when corals are stressed by changes in their environment, such as temperature, light, or nutrient levels. It is a significant concern for the health and survival of coral reefs, as it can lead to the death of the coral colonies.

The given statements about coral bleaching are as follows:

1) When corals are stressed by changes in temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the algae living in their tissue, causing them to turn white.

This statement is correct. Corals have a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae, which live within their tissues. These algae provide the corals with essential nutrients through photosynthesis and give them their vibrant colors. However, when corals are under stress, such as from high water temperatures, they expel the algae, resulting in their white or bleached appearance.

2) Increase in zooplankton levels triggers coral bleaching.

This statement is incorrect. Zooplankton are tiny animals that float in the water column, and they do not directly trigger coral bleaching. However, changes in the zooplankton population can indirectly impact corals. For example, if there is an increase in zooplankton levels, it may indicate an imbalance in the ecosystem, which can affect the overall health of coral reefs. But it is not a direct cause of coral bleaching.

3) Cold water temperatures also cause coral bleaching.

This statement is correct. While it is commonly known that high water temperatures can trigger coral bleaching, cold water temperatures can also have a similar effect. Cold water bleaching is mainly observed in shallow coral reefs, where corals are adapted to warm waters. If the water temperature drops suddenly or remains cold for an extended period, the corals can become stressed and expel their symbiotic algae, leading to bleaching.

In conclusion, statement 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Coral bleaching is primarily caused by changes in temperature, light, and nutrient levels, which result in the expulsion of the algae living in the coral tissues. Both high and cold water temperatures can trigger coral bleaching, while an increase in zooplankton levels is not a direct cause but can indirectly impact coral health.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option B, i.e., statement 2 only.

Statement 1: In India, Wetlands are regulated under the Environment(Protection) Rules, 1986.
This statement is incorrect. Wetlands in India are not regulated under the Environment(Protection) Rules, 1986. Instead, wetlands in India are regulated under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. These rules were introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in order to protect and preserve wetlands in the country. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 replaced the earlier Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010.

Statement 2: Wetlands International is an independent, not-for-profit, global organisation that works to sustain and restore wetlands and their resources for people and biodiversity.
This statement is correct. Wetlands International is indeed an independent, not-for-profit, global organization that works towards the conservation and restoration of wetlands and their resources. It aims to sustain and restore wetlands for people and biodiversity. Wetlands International collaborates with various stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and local communities, to achieve its objectives. The organization conducts research, provides technical support, and advocates for policies and practices that prioritize wetland conservation and restoration.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, statement 1 is incorrect as wetlands in India are regulated under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, not the Environment(Protection) Rules, 1986. Statement 2 is correct as Wetlands International is an independent, not-for-profit, global organization that works towards the conservation and restoration of wetlands and their resources.

Statement 1: States and Union Territories with more than 50 per cent of their land under forest cover can undertake compensatory afforestation in other states.
Statement 2: According to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, each time forest land is diverted, the project proponent has to pay the state for the ecosystem services lost due to diverting forest land.

Explanation:
Statement 1: States and Union Territories with more than 50 per cent of their land under forest cover can undertake compensatory afforestation in other states.
This statement is incorrect. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 does not allow states and Union Territories with more than 50 per cent of their land under forest cover to undertake compensatory afforestation in other states. Compensatory afforestation refers to the practice of planting trees or creating forests in an area to compensate for the loss of forest land elsewhere. However, as per the Act, compensatory afforestation should be done within the same state where forest land has been diverted for non-forest purposes.

Statement 2: According to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, each time forest land is diverted, the project proponent has to pay the state for the ecosystem services lost due to diverting forest land.
This statement is correct. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 mandates that whenever forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes such as mining, industrial projects, or infrastructure development, the project proponent is required to pay the state for the ecosystem services lost due to the diversion. Ecosystem services refer to the benefits provided by forests, such as clean air, water, climate regulation, and biodiversity conservation. The payment made by the project proponent is known as the Net Present Value (NPV) of the forest land, and it is calculated based on the value of the forest's ecological services over a period of 50 years.

Therefore, only statement 2 is correct. States and Union Territories with more than 50 per cent of their land under forest cover cannot undertake compensatory afforestation in other states, and the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 requires project proponents to pay the state for the ecosystem services lost due to the diversion of forest land.

Copper slag is a by-product of the copper extraction process, and it can be used as a material for various purposes. The correct answer is option D, which means that copper slag can be used in all of the following:

1. Production of glass:
Copper slag can be used as a substitute for sand in the production of glass. It is a suitable replacement because it has similar chemical composition and physical properties to sand. The use of copper slag in glass manufacturing helps to reduce the cost of production and improve the quality of the glass.

2. Polishing and cleaning hard surfaces:
Copper slag is a hard and abrasive material, making it suitable for use in polishing and cleaning hard surfaces. It can be used as an abrasive blasting material to remove rust, paint, and other coatings from surfaces. It is commonly used in shipyards, construction sites, and other industries that require surface preparation.

3. Construction of house roofs:
Copper slag can be used as a lightweight aggregate in the construction of house roofs. It can be mixed with cement and other materials to create a lightweight concrete that is suitable for roofing applications. The use of copper slag in roof construction helps to reduce the weight of the roof, making it easier to install and less likely to collapse.

In conclusion, copper slag can be used in the production of glass, polishing and cleaning hard surfaces, and construction of house roofs. Its versatility and properties make it a valuable material with multiple applications.

MARPOL Convention is an international treaty that aims to prevent and minimize pollution from ships. It stands for the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Let's analyze each statement given in the question:

1. It includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships.
This statement is correct. The MARPOL Convention sets out regulations that are aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution caused by ships. It covers various types of pollution, including oil pollution, pollution by noxious liquid substances, harmful substances carried in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and air pollution.

2. The convention also deals with air emissions from ships.
This statement is correct. In addition to addressing pollution from oil spills and other substances, the MARPOL Convention also focuses on air pollution caused by ships. Annex VI of the convention specifically deals with the prevention of air pollution from ships. It sets limits on the emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from ship exhausts, as well as the use of ozone-depleting substances.

3. India is not a signatory to the MARPOL Convention.
This statement is incorrect. India is indeed a signatory to the MARPOL Convention. India ratified the convention on January 2, 1986, and it has been in force in India since that time. As a signatory, India is obligated to implement and enforce the regulations set out in the convention to prevent pollution from ships.

In conclusion, both statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. The MARPOL Convention includes regulations to prevent and minimize pollution from ships, including air emissions. India is a signatory to the convention and has ratified it, making it legally bound to abide by its regulations.

Adaptations of Mangrove Plants:

Mangrove plants are specialized plants that grow in saline and brackish water environments. These plants have evolved unique adaptations to survive in such harsh conditions. Some of the adaptations of mangrove plants are:

1. Absence of stomata: Mangrove plants do not have stomata on their leaves. Stomata are tiny pores on the leaves of plants that allow for gas exchange. The absence of stomata in mangrove plants helps to reduce water loss through transpiration.

2. Turn their leaves to reduce exposure to sunlight: Mangrove plants have the ability to turn their leaves to reduce exposure to sunlight. This helps to reduce water loss and prevent damage from high levels of light and heat.

3. Pneumatophores: Mangrove plants have specialized roots called pneumatophores that emerge from the soil and extend into the air. These roots help to facilitate gas exchange between the roots and the atmosphere. They also help to anchor the plant in the soft, muddy soil.

4. Salt glands: Mangrove plants have salt glands on their leaves that excrete excess salt. This helps to prevent salt buildup in the plant tissues, which can be toxic.

Therefore, the correct code for the adaptations found in mangrove plants is option 'C' which includes adaptations 2, 3, and 4.

Introduction to the Methanol Economy Program
The Methanol Economy Program aims to promote the use of methanol as a sustainable fuel alternative, enhancing energy security and reducing pollution.
Analysis of Statements
- Statement 1: It is initiated by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
This statement is incorrect. The Methanol Economy Program has been primarily promoted by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, not the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
- Statement 2: Methanol is a high carbon and hydrogen carrier fuel.
This statement is correct. Methanol (CH3OH) is indeed a hydrogen-rich compound, making it a significant hydrogen carrier fuel. It can be utilized in fuel cells and internal combustion engines, contributing to lower emissions when used compared to traditional fossil fuels.
- Statement 3: Methanol can be produced from high ash coal and CO2 from thermal power plants.
This statement is also correct. Methanol can be synthesized from coal, including high ash coal, and carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from thermal power plants. This process helps in utilizing waste carbon and converting it into a useful fuel.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statement 1 is incorrect.
- Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
Thus, the only correct option is B: 3 only. This indicates that while methanol has significant potential in the energy landscape, its promotion and production techniques must be recognized accurately.

Statement 1: It is a statutory position created under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
This statement is true. The position of Chief Wildlife Warden is indeed a statutory position created under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This Act provides for the protection of wildlife and the appointment of various authorities responsible for its conservation and management. The Chief Wildlife Warden is one such authority appointed under this Act.

Statement 2: There is a Chief Wildlife Warden designated for each protected area in a state.
This statement is false. While there is a Chief Wildlife Warden appointed for each state, there is not necessarily one designated for each protected area within the state. The Chief Wildlife Warden is responsible for the overall management and conservation of wildlife in the entire state, including protected areas.

Statement 3: She/he can permit the hunting of a Schedule I animal in her/his jurisdiction.
This statement is true. The Chief Wildlife Warden has the authority to grant permits for hunting or capturing of wild animals, including Schedule I animals, within the jurisdiction of the state. However, such permits are only granted in exceptional circumstances, such as for scientific research or to control animal populations that pose a threat to human life or property. The Chief Wildlife Warden ensures that such permissions are granted in accordance with the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act and the guidelines issued by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

Therefore, the correct answer is option b - 1 and 3 only.

Overview of Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC)
The Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) of the Indian Navy has gained attention due to its crucial role in maritime security. Let’s analyze the statements regarding IMAC:
Statement 1: Nodal Center for Maritime Security
- IMAC serves as the central hub for collating and disseminating information related to maritime security.
- It plays a pivotal role in ensuring safer seas by collecting data from various sources.
Statement 2: Tracking Military and Non-Military Ships
- IMAC is indeed involved in tracking both military and non-military vessels.
- This comprehensive tracking capability enhances the ability to monitor maritime activities, ensuring national security and maritime safety.
Statement 3: Functioning under the National Security Adviser
- Contrary to the statement, IMAC does not function directly under the National Security Adviser.
- It operates under the Indian Navy, which means this statement is incorrect.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statement 1 is correct as IMAC is the nodal center for maritime security.
- Statement 2 is also correct since it tracks both military and non-military vessels.
- Statement 3 is incorrect because IMAC operates under the Indian Navy, not the National Security Adviser.
Thus, the correct answer is option 'C', which affirms that only statements 1 and 2 are accurate.

Of the Act, as vermin for specified reasons.
The Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) was enacted in 1972 in India with the objective of protecting and conserving wildlife. It lists various schedules that categorize different species of animals and plants based on their level of protection needed. Schedule I includes endangered species that are provided with the highest level of protection.

The Act empowers the Central government to declare any wild animal, including those in Schedule I, as vermin for specified reasons. Vermin refers to animals that are considered pests or nuisances and can be hunted or killed without legal restrictions.

However, it is important to note that the declaration of any wild animal as vermin under the Wildlife Protection Act is a controversial provision. Many conservationists and wildlife activists argue that it undermines the purpose of the Act and can lead to the indiscriminate killing of important wildlife species.

The provision to declare animals as vermin is primarily aimed at addressing human-wildlife conflict situations, where certain species may be causing significant damage to crops or posing threats to human life. The declaration allows for the controlled hunting or culling of the particular animal species for a limited period.

The decision to declare a wild animal as vermin is made by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the concerned state in consultation with the National Board for Wildlife. The declaration is usually made for a specific geographical area and time period, and it is subject to periodic review and reassessment.

Overall, while the Wildlife Protection Act empowers the Central government to declare wild animals as vermin, this provision is often a subject of debate and scrutiny due to its potential negative impacts on wildlife conservation efforts.

Overview of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established to handle environmental disputes and provide a specialized forum for the speedy disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
Relevant Laws Under NGT Jurisdiction
The NGT is competent to hear matters related to several environmental laws in India. Here's a breakdown of the laws mentioned in the question:

• 1. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 - This law aims to ensure the protection of wildlife and their habitats. However, it is not specifically under the NGT's jurisdiction. Thus, it is not included in the correct answer.
• 2. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 - This Act provides for public liability insurance for the purpose of providing immediate relief to persons affected by accidents occurring while handling hazardous substances. This Act falls under the purview of the NGT.
• 3. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 - This Act aims to protect biological diversity and ensure the sustainable use of its components. It is included in the NGT's jurisdiction, making it a correct choice.
• 4. Forest Rights Act, 2006 - While this Act addresses the rights of forest-dwelling communities, it is not explicitly under the NGT's jurisdiction, hence it is not included in the correct answer.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the correct laws under the NGT's jurisdiction are the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' (2 and 3 only).

Short-term Solutions to Reduce Global Warming

Introduction:
Global warming is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. While long-term solutions are essential for combating this problem, certain actions can also help reduce global warming in the short-term. Among the given options, major and sustained volcanic explosions are the most effective in this regard.

Explanation:

Melting of permafrost In the Arctic region:
The melting of permafrost in the Arctic region contributes to global warming rather than reducing it. As permafrost thaws, it releases large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. This exacerbates the global warming problem.

Increased rice cultivation:
While increased rice cultivation may have certain benefits, such as providing food security, it does not directly reduce global warming in the short-term. Rice cultivation can actually contribute to greenhouse gas emissions due to the release of methane during the decomposition of organic matter in flooded paddy fields.

Greater promotion of cattle breeding in developing countries:
The promotion of cattle breeding in developing countries also does not help in reducing global warming in the short-term. Livestock farming, especially cattle breeding, is a significant source of methane emissions. The increase in livestock population leads to higher methane release, contributing to global warming.

Major and sustained volcanic explosions:
Major and sustained volcanic explosions can have a short-term cooling effect on the Earth's climate. Volcanoes release large amounts of volcanic aerosols and gases, including sulfur dioxide, into the atmosphere. These particles and gases can reflect sunlight back into space, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. This leads to a temporary cooling effect, counteracting the warming caused by greenhouse gases.

Conclusion:
Among the given options, major and sustained volcanic explosions are the only measure that can help reduce global warming in the short-term. However, it is important to note that this solution is not a sustainable or controllable method for addressing global warming. Long-term strategies, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources, are crucial for effectively mitigating global warming and its adverse effects.

Ecotones are transitional areas between two different ecosystems or habitats. They are characterized by a mixture of species from both ecosystems, creating a unique and diverse environment. In this question, we are asked to identify the ecotones among the given options.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Mangroves, Grassland, and Estuary are the ecotones among the given options. Let's discuss each one in detail:

1. Mangroves: Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems found in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions. They are characterized by the presence of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the transition zone between land and sea. Mangroves provide a habitat for a diverse range of species and act as a buffer against coastal erosion and storm surges.

2. Grassland: Grasslands are open habitats dominated by grasses, with few or no trees. They occur in various climatic regions and can transition between forested areas and deserts. Grasslands support a wide range of herbivores and their predators, and they play a crucial role in carbon storage and water regulation.

3. Forest: Forests are complex ecosystems characterized by a dense growth of trees. They provide habitat for a diverse array of plants and animals and are important for carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and biodiversity conservation. While forests themselves are not considered ecotones, they can border other ecosystems and create transition zones.

4. Estuary: An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean. Estuaries are highly productive ecosystems that support a rich diversity of flora and fauna. They serve as nurseries for many fish and shellfish species and provide important feeding grounds for migratory birds.

5. Coral Reef: Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems formed by colonies of coral polyps. They are found in clear, warm, shallow waters and are home to a vast array of marine species. While coral reefs are not typically considered ecotones, they can border other ecosystems such as mangroves or seagrass beds, creating transition zones.

In conclusion, the ecotones among the given options are Mangroves, Grassland, and Estuary (option 'B'). These areas represent transitional zones between different ecosystems and are characterized by unique biodiversity and ecological processes.

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security

1. Crop yield reduction due to decreased water availability
Climate change has significant implications for agriculture and food security, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. One of the key impacts of climate change is the decreased availability of water, which can lead to a reduction in crop yield. This is due to several factors:

- Drought: Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought events in many regions. Drought can lead to water stress in crops, affecting their growth and productivity. Reduced water availability can also impact the timing and efficiency of irrigation, further exacerbating the problem.

- Changes in precipitation patterns: Climate change can alter the timing, intensity, and distribution of rainfall. This can result in water scarcity during critical stages of crop growth, such as flowering and fruiting, leading to reduced yields.

- Increased evapotranspiration: Higher temperatures associated with climate change can increase the rate of evaporation and transpiration, resulting in greater water loss from plants and soil. This can further deplete soil moisture levels and negatively impact crop productivity.

2. Increased insect or pest incidence leading to crop losses
Another significant impact of climate change on agriculture is the increased incidence of pests and insects, which can cause significant crop losses. This is attributed to the following factors:

- Warmer temperatures: Climate change can create more favorable conditions for the survival and reproduction of pests and insects. Warmer temperatures can accelerate their life cycles, leading to increased populations and greater damage to crops.

- Altered distribution patterns: Changes in temperature and precipitation can result in shifts in the geographic distribution of pests and insects. Some regions may experience the arrival of new pests, while others may see a decline in their traditional pest species. These changes can disrupt existing pest management strategies and increase crop vulnerability.

- Weakened plant defenses: Climate change can weaken the natural defense mechanisms of plants, making them more susceptible to pest attacks. Higher temperatures and increased carbon dioxide levels can alter plant physiology, affecting their ability to produce defensive compounds and respond to pest infestations.

Conclusion
Both of the statements provided correctly assess the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security. Crop yields can be reduced in tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, while the incidence of pests and insects may increase, leading to greater crop losses. These impacts highlight the urgent need for adaptation strategies and sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security in the face of climate change.

Mangroves, saltwater crocodile, Indian python, wild pigs, and rhesus monkeys are found in Bhitarkanika National Park.

Bhitarkanika National Park:
Bhitarkanika National Park is located in the state of Odisha in India. It is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the country and is known for its unique ecosystem comprising of mangroves, wetlands, and estuaries. The park covers an area of approximately 672 square kilometers and was designated as a national park in 1998.

Key Features of Bhitarkanika National Park:
1. Mangroves:
The park is famous for its extensive mangrove forests, which cover a significant portion of the park's area. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and are adapted to thrive in coastal environments. They play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by providing habitat to various species of plants and animals.

2. Saltwater Crocodile:
Bhitarkanika National Park is home to a significant population of saltwater crocodiles. These crocodiles are one of the largest reptiles in the world and are known for their ability to survive in both saltwater and freshwater habitats. The park offers a safe haven for these crocodiles, and visitors can often spot them basking in the sun or swimming in the rivers and creeks.

3. Indian Python:
The park is also inhabited by the Indian python, a non-venomous snake species that is native to the Indian subcontinent. These pythons are known for their large size and can be found in the dense forests and wetlands of Bhitarkanika National Park.

4. Wild Pigs:
Wild pigs, also known as feral pigs or boars, are another common sight in the national park. These animals are native to the region and can be found foraging in the forest floor for roots, tubers, and other plant material.

5. Rhesus Monkeys:
Bhitarkanika National Park is home to a thriving population of rhesus monkeys. These primates are known for their distinctive appearance, with their red-colored face and hindquarters. They are highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and human settlements.

In conclusion, Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha is the correct answer as it is home to mangroves, saltwater crocodiles, Indian pythons, wild pigs, and rhesus monkeys. The park's diverse ecosystem provides a haven for these species, making it an important conservation area in India.