All questions of Working of Institutions for Class 9 Exam

Dude ur answer is...... president.

The correct answer is option 'B': The President of India is the Head of the State. Let's understand this answer in detail.

Explanation:
1. Head of the State:
The President of India holds the position of the Head of the State. As the Head of the State, the President represents the country both nationally and internationally. The President is the symbol of the nation and exercises various constitutional powers and duties.

2. Role and Powers of the President:
The President plays a crucial role in the Indian political system. Some of the key powers and functions of the President include:

a) Executive Powers:
The President appoints the Prime Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President also appoints Governors of states, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and other high-ranking officials. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces as well.

b) Legislative Powers:
The President summons and prorogues sessions of both Houses of Parliament - the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The President also addresses the Parliament at the beginning of each session. All bills passed by Parliament require the President's assent to become law.

c) Diplomatic Powers:
The President represents India in all diplomatic and international affairs. The President receives credentials from foreign ambassadors and high commissioners. The President also represents India at state functions and ceremonies.

d) Judicial Powers:
The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment to individuals convicted of offenses. The President's power of pardon is derived from the Constitution of India.

3. Role of the President in the Parliament:
While the President is not directly the Head of the Parliament, the President's role is important in the functioning of the Parliament. The President appoints the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The President also nominates members to both Houses of Parliament, including members with special knowledge or experience in literature, science, art, and social service.

In conclusion, the President of India holds the position of the Head of the State. The President represents the country both nationally and internationally, exercises various constitutional powers, and plays a crucial role in the Indian political system.

C because it resolve dispute between people and judiciary and between citizens and govt.and two or more state government

Option B is correct.

Subordinate Courts are courts that operate under the supervision and direction of the High Court. These courts are established to assist the High Court in the administration of justice. The following are some of the key features of subordinate courts:

Types of Subordinate Courts
There are three types of subordinate courts in India:

1. District Courts - District courts are located in each district of India. They are the primary courts for civil and criminal cases. The district courts are headed by a District Judge.

2. Sessions Courts - Sessions courts are established in every district of India. They are primarily responsible for conducting trials for serious criminal offences. The sessions courts are headed by a Sessions Judge.

3. Magistrate Courts - Magistrate courts are established in each district of India. They are responsible for conducting trials for minor offences. Magistrate courts are headed by a Judicial Magistrate.

Functions of Subordinate Courts
The following are some of the functions of subordinate courts:

1. Hearing and deciding cases assigned by the High Court.

2. Conducting trials for civil and criminal cases.

3. Maintaining records of cases.

4. Passing judgments and orders in the cases heard.

5. Enforcing the orders passed by the court.

Conclusion
In conclusion, subordinate courts play a critical role in the administration of justice in India. They help in reducing the workload of the High Court and ensuring that justice is delivered in a timely and efficient manner.

Indirect election by the electral college

Explanation:- During an election, When no party succeeds in securing a clear cut majority, then two or more parties join their hands (form an alliance) to form the government. This type of government is known as Coalition Government.

Your answer is (C). because rajya sabha is a permanent house so it cannot be dissolved whereas lok sabha can be dissolved.

Lok Sabha exercises Supreme Power over Rajya Sabha in the following ways:

(i) Lok Sabha exercises more powers on money matters:
- The Lok Sabha has the power to initiate and pass the Money Bills, which includes matters related to taxation, government expenditure, borrowing, etc.
- The Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations on Money Bills, and it cannot reject or amend them. The final decision rests with the Lok Sabha.

(ii) Lok Sabha controls the President of India:
- The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
- Since the Lok Sabha has more members compared to the Rajya Sabha, it has a greater influence on the election of the President.
- The President holds the office for a term of five years and can be removed by a resolution passed by a special majority in the Lok Sabha.

(iii) During the joint session, the final decision is taken by Lok Sabha because of its larger number of members:
- In case of a deadlock between the two houses on a non-Money Bill, a joint session is called, where members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha participate.
- The decision is taken by a majority vote, and since the Lok Sabha has a larger number of members, it has a greater chance of influencing the final decision.

(iv) Lok Sabha guides the functioning of Rajya Sabha:
- The Lok Sabha is considered to be the lower house of the Parliament, and it guides the functioning of the Rajya Sabha.
- The Lok Sabha has the power to initiate and pass bills, while the Rajya Sabha can only offer suggestions and recommendations.
- The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on certain critical matters like a vote of no-confidence against the government, approval of money bills, etc., without the consent of the Lok Sabha.

Therefore, option 'B' (i.e., (i) and (iii)) is the correct answer as it correctly identifies the ways in which the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power over the Rajya Sabha.

Correct answer is C It dismisses the executive

False...

False

The head of the Second Backward Classes Commission was B.P. Mandal.

**Background:**
The Second Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Mandal Commission, was established in India in 1979. Its primary purpose was to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India and recommend measures to improve their status.

**B.P. Mandal:**
B.P. Mandal, also known as Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal, was an Indian politician and a member of the Indian Parliament. He was appointed as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission by the Indian government in 1978.

**Mandal Commission's Report:**
Under the leadership of B.P. Mandal, the commission submitted its report in 1980. The report identified a total of 3,743 castes and communities as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs). It recommended that 27% of government jobs and educational opportunities should be reserved for SEBCs to ensure their representation in public institutions.

**Implementation of Mandal Commission's Recommendations:**
The recommendations of the Mandal Commission report were implemented by the Indian government in 1990 through the implementation of the Mandal Commission Reservation Policy. This policy introduced a 27% reservation for SEBCs in government jobs, educational institutions, and other public sectors.

**Impact and Controversy:**
The implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations had a significant impact on Indian society. It provided opportunities for previously marginalized communities to access education and employment. However, it also sparked widespread protests and debates across the country, as some argued that the reservation policy could lead to reverse discrimination and undermine merit-based selection.

Overall, B.P. Mandal played a crucial role as the head of the Second Backward Classes Commission in identifying and recommending measures to uplift the socially and educationally backward classes in India. His leadership and the commission's report paved the way for the implementation of reservation policies that aimed to address historical inequalities and promote social justice.

Tenure of Office of the Prime Minister

The tenure of office of the Prime Minister in India is 5 years. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India and holds office during the pleasure of the President.

Tenure and Removal

The Prime Minister can be removed from office by the President if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. If the Prime Minister resigns, the entire Council of Ministers also resigns.

The Prime Minister can continue to hold office even if he loses a no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha. However, if there is a new Prime Minister who is able to command the confidence of the Lok Sabha, then the President can remove the previous Prime Minister from office.

The Prime Minister can also be removed from office if he is found guilty of a criminal offence or if he violates the Constitution of India.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the tenure of office of the Prime Minister in India is 5 years. The Prime Minister can be removed from office if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, resigns, is found guilty of a criminal offence, or violates the Constitution of India.

Parliament has the final authority for making laws in a country. It can make new laws, change or abolish the existing law and make new one in there place.

B) Rajya sabha

From NCERT :- On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was called an Office Memorandum. Like all government orders, it had a num- ber and is known by that: O. M. No. 36012/31/90-Est (SCT), dated 13.8.1990. —————The Joint Secretary, an officer in the Department of Person- nel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances andPensions, signed the Order.

Yes, speaker is the presiding officer or u can say incharge of the Lok Sabha.. currently Sumitra Mahajan is the speaker of Lok Sabha.

Strength of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

The strength of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha is determined by the Constitution of India under Article 81 and Article 80 respectively.

Lok Sabha

- The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of the Parliament of India.
- The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 545 members.
- Of these, 530 members are elected from the states and 20 members are elected from the Union Territories.
- The remaining 2 members are nominated by the President of India to represent the Anglo-Indian community.

Rajya Sabha

- The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of the Parliament of India.
- The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250 members.
- Of these, 238 members are elected from the states and Union Territories.
- The remaining 12 members are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to literature, science, art, and social services.

Conclusion

Therefore, the correct option is D, which states that the strength of Lok Sabha is 545 members and the strength of Rajya Sabha is 250 members. It is important to note that the strength of both houses can vary depending on the number of seats filled and vacant at a given time.

President and prime minister have equal power . They choice chief justice of India . President think at world level that who becomes our chief justice of India and than take advise from prime minister that it is also good for country .I hope that you are able to get my point.

Answer:
Institutions that are part of Parliament in India:
- Lok Sabha
- Rajya Sabha
- President
Institution that is not a part of Parliament in India:
- Gram Panchayat
Detailed
The Parliament in India is the supreme legislative body and consists of two houses - Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The President of India is also an integral part of the Parliament. However, the Gram Panchayat is not a part of Parliament in India.
- Lok Sabha: Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament and represents the people of India. Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people through general elections.
- Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament and represents the states and union territories of India. The members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies.
- President: The President of India is the head of state and also an integral part of the Parliament. The President's role in the legislative process includes giving assent to bills passed by Parliament and addressing both houses.
- Gram Panchayat: Gram Panchayat, on the other hand, is a local self-government institution at the village level in India. It is not a part of the Parliament but plays a crucial role in rural governance.
In conclusion, while Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and President are important components of the Parliament in India, the Gram Panchayat is not a part of Parliament.

The Mandal Commission Report was a highly controversial issue that caused strong reactions among people in India. The report was created to identify and provide recommendations for the upliftment of socially and educationally backward communities in India. However, the report's recommendations for reservation of jobs in the public sector for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) caused a lot of controversy and opposition.

Reasons for Strong Reaction to the Mandal Commission Report:

1. Impact on Job Opportunities: One of the primary reasons for the strong reaction to the Mandal Commission Report was its impact on job opportunities. The report recommended that 27% of government jobs should be reserved for OBCs. This meant that thousands of jobs that were previously available to the general category would now be reserved for OBCs. This caused concern among many people who felt that the reservation system was unfair and would reduce opportunities for the general category.

2. Opposition from High Castes: Another reason for opposition to the Mandal Commission Report was the opposition from high castes who wanted to be included in the reservation system. Many communities that were traditionally considered high castes felt that they were also socially and educationally backward and deserved to be included in the reservation system. However, the report only recommended reservation for OBCs, which caused resentment among high castes.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Mandal Commission Report caused strong reactions among people in India primarily because of its impact on job opportunities and opposition from high castes. While the report was created to address the issue of social and educational backwardness, its recommendations for reservation of jobs in the public sector created a lot of controversy and opposition.

Option A is correct

Under article 80 of the Constitution, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) is composed of not more than 250 members, of whom 12 are nominated by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.

The two types of executive are :  Permanent executive : They are elected for a long term basis.The leaders in this executive are known as civil servants.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Both (a) and (b).

Explanation:

a) Independent Judiciary:
One of the key features of the Indian judicial system is its independent judiciary. The judiciary in India is separate from the executive and legislative branches of government, which ensures the impartiality and fairness of the judicial process. This separation of powers is enshrined in the Constitution of India and is essential for upholding the rule of law.

The independence of the judiciary is safeguarded through several measures. Firstly, judges are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other senior judges. This ensures that the appointment process is free from political interference. Secondly, judges enjoy security of tenure and cannot be easily removed from office, except through a rigorous impeachment process. This protects them from external pressures and allows them to make decisions based on law and justice rather than political considerations.

Furthermore, the judiciary has the power of judicial review, which allows it to scrutinize the actions of the executive and legislative branches to ensure they are in conformity with the Constitution. This power acts as a check on the other branches of government and helps maintain the balance of power.

b) Integrated Judiciary:
The Indian judicial system also features an integrated judiciary. This means that there is a single hierarchy of courts that operates across the entire country. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the land and has jurisdiction over the whole country. Below the Supreme Court, there are High Courts at the state level, which have jurisdiction over their respective states. Additionally, there are subordinate courts such as district courts and lower courts that operate at the district and local levels.

This integrated structure ensures that there is a uniform interpretation and application of laws throughout the country. It promotes consistency in judicial decisions and prevents conflicting judgments from different regions. It also allows for the smooth flow of cases from lower courts to higher courts, ensuring that justice is accessible to all citizens.

In conclusion, the Indian judicial system is characterized by both an independent judiciary and an integrated judiciary. These features are crucial for upholding the rule of law, protecting the rights of citizens, and maintaining the integrity of the judicial process.

Currently, the only original jurisdiction cases commonly handled by the Supreme Court of the United States are disputes between two or more U.S. states, typically regarding boundary lines, water claims, or other property issues.

In case a Money Bill is not returned by the Rajya Sabha to the Lok Sabha within a period of fourteen days from the date of its receipt, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha after the expiry of said period.

Rajya Sabha is a permanent house so there is no dissolution of Rajya Sabha, though term of Rajya Sabha members has been fixed for 6 years. The Lok Sabha may dissolve at the end of its five year term or by an order of President.

The correct answer is option 'B', which is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of Fundamental Rights in India. It plays a crucial role in upholding and protecting the rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution.

Role of the Supreme Court as the guardian of Fundamental Rights:

1. Interpretation of the Constitution: The Supreme Court is responsible for interpreting the provisions of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights. It ensures that the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution are given their due importance and are not violated by any laws or actions.

2. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which allows it to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. It can strike down any law or action that is found to be in violation of Fundamental Rights. This power acts as a check on the legislative and executive branches of the government and ensures the protection of citizens' rights.

3. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court has the authority to enforce Fundamental Rights. It can issue writs, such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto, to protect the rights of individuals. These writs are powerful tools for safeguarding the rights of citizens and ensuring that they are not infringed upon.

4. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): The Supreme Court has expanded the scope of PIL, allowing individuals and organizations to file petitions on behalf of those whose Fundamental Rights are violated. This has made it easier for citizens to seek justice and protection of their rights.

5. Appointment of Judges: The Supreme Court is involved in the appointment of judges to the High Courts and itself. The selection process ensures that competent and impartial judges are appointed, which is crucial for the effective protection of Fundamental Rights.

6. Guidance to the Government: The Supreme Court provides guidance to the government on matters related to Fundamental Rights. It can issue directions and guidelines to ensure that the government acts in accordance with the Constitution and respects citizens' rights.

Conclusion:

The Supreme Court's role as the guardian of Fundamental Rights is of utmost importance in a democratic country like India. It ensures that citizens' rights are protected, and the government's actions are in line with the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity enshrined in the Constitution. Through its interpretation, judicial review, enforcement, and guidance, the Supreme Court acts as a bulwark against any infringement on Fundamental Rights.

The process of removing a judge of the Supreme Court in India is a complex and rigorous one. It is outlined in Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India, which states that a judge of the Supreme Court can only be removed by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.

Here is a detailed explanation of the process:

Impeachment Process:
1. Initiation of the Process: The removal process can be initiated by either House of Parliament. A motion containing the charges against the judge can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha (House of People) or the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

2. Motion for Investigation: If the motion is admitted, an investigation committee is formed to look into the charges. The committee consists of three members, including a Supreme Court judge, a High Court chief justice, and a distinguished jurist.

3. Investigation and Inquiry: The investigation committee conducts an inquiry into the charges and presents its report to the Parliament.

4. Passing the Address: After considering the report, the Parliament can proceed with the removal process. Both Houses of Parliament must pass an address to the President, stating the charges against the judge and seeking his/her removal.

5. President's Order: Upon receipt of the address, the President may pass an order for the removal of the judge. The order must be supported by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament, as well as a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.

Importance of Parliament:
The process of removing a judge of the Supreme Court involves the Parliament because it ensures that the removal decision is not arbitrary or influenced by any single authority. The involvement of both Houses of Parliament, along with the requirement of a two-thirds majority, provides a system of checks and balances to safeguard the independence of the judiciary.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a judge of the Supreme Court in India can only be removed through impeachment by the Parliament. This process ensures accountability and upholds the principles of judicial independence.

The Minister of Home Affairs is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. The Political Executive. The executive is one of the three key functions of the Parliament. It's role is to implement the laws that have been framed by the legislature and the policies of a government.

The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the President. As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

He is appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that has a majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. In case no single party/alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.

The correct answer is option 'D': All the above. The Parliament, apart from making laws, possesses various powers and functions that are crucial to the functioning of a democratic system. These powers include:

Exercising control over the government:
- The Parliament exercises control over the government by holding it accountable for its actions and decisions.
- Members of Parliament have the right to question ministers, demand explanations, and seek clarifications regarding government policies and actions.
- The government is obliged to respond to these questions and be accountable to the Parliament.
- This control ensures that the government functions in the best interest of the people and remains transparent.

Controlling finance of the country:
- The Parliament has the authority to control and regulate the finances of the country.
- It reviews and approves the annual budget presented by the government.
- The budget outlines the allocation of funds to various sectors and government schemes.
- Members of Parliament debate and scrutinize the budget, ensuring that it aligns with the needs and priorities of the country.
- The Parliament also has the power to impose taxes, approve government borrowing, and oversee expenditure.

Serving as the highest forum of discussion and debate:
- The Parliament serves as the highest forum for discussion and debate on various issues.
- Members of Parliament represent the diverse opinions and interests of the people.
- They bring forth matters of public importance, participate in debates, and contribute to the decision-making process.
- Through these discussions and debates, the Parliament shapes public policies, laws, and regulations.
- It provides a platform for the expression of diverse viewpoints and ensures that different perspectives are considered.

In conclusion, the Parliament not only has the power to make laws but also exercises control over the government, controls the finances of the country, and serves as the highest forum of discussion and debate. These powers are essential for the functioning of a democratic system and for ensuring transparency, accountability, and representation of the people's interests.

Legal disputes between two state governments are decided by the Supreme Court of India, not the Parliament.

Explanation:

- The Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government, which means that powers are divided between the central government and the state governments.
- However, conflicts may arise between two state governments over issues such as water sharing, boundary disputes, or jurisdictional matters.
- In such cases, the state governments may try to resolve the dispute through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration.
- If these methods fail, the matter can be referred to the Supreme Court of India, which has the final authority to interpret the Constitution and settle disputes between the central government and the state governments or between two state governments.
- The Parliament of India, on the other hand, is the legislative body that makes laws for the entire country, including the states.
- While the Parliament may discuss and debate issues related to state governments, it does not have the power to adjudicate disputes between them.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' (False).

The President of India is elected by the Electoral College.

The process of electing the President of India involves an indirect election by an Electoral College. The Electoral College consists of the elected members of both houses of Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories.

Composition of the Electoral College:
1. Members of Parliament: The elected members of both houses of Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, form an important part of the Electoral College. These members are elected by the citizens of India through a direct election process.

2. Members of Legislative Assemblies: The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories also form a part of the Electoral College. The members of the Legislative Assemblies are chosen by the citizens of their respective states through a direct election process.

Election Process:
1. Nomination: The process of electing the President starts with the nomination of candidates. Any Indian citizen who is eligible to become a member of Parliament can contest the presidential election.

2. Scrutiny of Nominations: After the nominations are filed, the Chief Election Commissioner or any officer authorized by him/her scrutinizes the nominations and ensures that the candidates fulfill the eligibility criteria.

3. Voting: After the nominations are accepted, the election takes place. The members of the Electoral College cast their votes to elect the President. The voting is conducted through a secret ballot.

4. Counting of Votes: The counting of votes is done under the supervision of the Chief Election Commissioner or any officer authorized by him/her. The candidate who secures the majority of votes is declared the President-elect.

5. Oath-taking: Once the President-elect is declared, he/she takes the oath of office and assumes the position of the President of India.

Conclusion:
The President of India is elected by the Electoral College, which consists of the elected members of both houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories. This process ensures that the President is chosen by representatives of the people, providing for a fair and democratic system of election.

Civil Servants are employed to implement Ministers' decisions – irrespective of what they might think of them, except that every Permanent Secretary (Head of Department) is the Accounting Officer for their department, which means they are directly accountable to Parliament for public spending.

The highest formed authority in a country varies depending on the type of government and its constitution. In India, the highest formed authority is the President. Role of President in India:The President of India is the head of state and the first citizen of the country. The role of the President includes:1. Executive powers: The President appoints the Prime Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers, as well as the Attorney General, Comptroller and Auditor General, and members of the Election Commission.2. Legislative powers: The President summons and prorogues sessions of Parliament and also addresses both Houses of Parliament.3. Financial powers: The President causes the Union Budget to be laid before Parliament and also approves all laws related to the administration of finances.4. Judicial powers: The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment.5. Diplomatic powers: The President represents India in international relations and also receives foreign dignitaries.Other high authorities in India:While the President is the highest formed authority in India, there are other officials who hold significant power and responsibilities. These include:1. Prime Minister: The head of the government and the Council of Ministers, responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country.2. Chief Justice of India: The head of the judiciary and the Supreme Court of India, responsible for interpreting the constitution and ensuring justice in the country.3. Chief Election Commissioner: The head of the Election Commission of India, responsible for conducting free and fair elections in the country.Conclusion:In conclusion, the highest formed authority in India is the President, who holds executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and diplomatic powers. However, other high authorities such as the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and Chief Election Commissioner also play crucial roles in the governance of the country.