All questions of Working of Institutions for Class 9 Exam

Dude ur answer is...... president.

The correct answer is option 'B': The President of India is the Head of the State. Let's understand this answer in detail.

Explanation:
1. Head of the State:
The President of India holds the position of the Head of the State. As the Head of the State, the President represents the country both nationally and internationally. The President is the symbol of the nation and exercises various constitutional powers and duties.

2. Role and Powers of the President:
The President plays a crucial role in the Indian political system. Some of the key powers and functions of the President include:

a) Executive Powers:
The President appoints the Prime Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President also appoints Governors of states, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and other high-ranking officials. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces as well.

b) Legislative Powers:
The President summons and prorogues sessions of both Houses of Parliament - the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The President also addresses the Parliament at the beginning of each session. All bills passed by Parliament require the President's assent to become law.

c) Diplomatic Powers:
The President represents India in all diplomatic and international affairs. The President receives credentials from foreign ambassadors and high commissioners. The President also represents India at state functions and ceremonies.

d) Judicial Powers:
The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment to individuals convicted of offenses. The President's power of pardon is derived from the Constitution of India.

3. Role of the President in the Parliament:
While the President is not directly the Head of the Parliament, the President's role is important in the functioning of the Parliament. The President appoints the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The President also nominates members to both Houses of Parliament, including members with special knowledge or experience in literature, science, art, and social service.

In conclusion, the President of India holds the position of the Head of the State. The President represents the country both nationally and internationally, exercises various constitutional powers, and plays a crucial role in the Indian political system.

C because it resolve dispute between people and judiciary and between citizens and govt.and two or more state government

Option B is correct.

Subordinate Courts are courts that operate under the supervision and direction of the High Court. These courts are established to assist the High Court in the administration of justice. The following are some of the key features of subordinate courts:

Types of Subordinate Courts
There are three types of subordinate courts in India:

1. District Courts - District courts are located in each district of India. They are the primary courts for civil and criminal cases. The district courts are headed by a District Judge.

2. Sessions Courts - Sessions courts are established in every district of India. They are primarily responsible for conducting trials for serious criminal offences. The sessions courts are headed by a Sessions Judge.

3. Magistrate Courts - Magistrate courts are established in each district of India. They are responsible for conducting trials for minor offences. Magistrate courts are headed by a Judicial Magistrate.

Functions of Subordinate Courts
The following are some of the functions of subordinate courts:

1. Hearing and deciding cases assigned by the High Court.

2. Conducting trials for civil and criminal cases.

3. Maintaining records of cases.

4. Passing judgments and orders in the cases heard.

5. Enforcing the orders passed by the court.

Conclusion
In conclusion, subordinate courts play a critical role in the administration of justice in India. They help in reducing the workload of the High Court and ensuring that justice is delivered in a timely and efficient manner.

Indirect election by the electral college

Parliament has the final authority for making laws in a country. It can make new laws, change or abolish the existing law and make new one in there place.

Correct answer is C It dismisses the executive

High court and supreme court

Explanation:- During an election, When no party succeeds in securing a clear cut majority, then two or more parties join their hands (form an alliance) to form the government. This type of government is known as Coalition Government.

The head of the Second Backward Classes Commission was B.P. Mandal.

**Background:**
The Second Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Mandal Commission, was established in India in 1979. Its primary purpose was to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India and recommend measures to improve their status.

**B.P. Mandal:**
B.P. Mandal, also known as Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal, was an Indian politician and a member of the Indian Parliament. He was appointed as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission by the Indian government in 1978.

**Mandal Commission's Report:**
Under the leadership of B.P. Mandal, the commission submitted its report in 1980. The report identified a total of 3,743 castes and communities as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs). It recommended that 27% of government jobs and educational opportunities should be reserved for SEBCs to ensure their representation in public institutions.

**Implementation of Mandal Commission's Recommendations:**
The recommendations of the Mandal Commission report were implemented by the Indian government in 1990 through the implementation of the Mandal Commission Reservation Policy. This policy introduced a 27% reservation for SEBCs in government jobs, educational institutions, and other public sectors.

**Impact and Controversy:**
The implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations had a significant impact on Indian society. It provided opportunities for previously marginalized communities to access education and employment. However, it also sparked widespread protests and debates across the country, as some argued that the reservation policy could lead to reverse discrimination and undermine merit-based selection.

Overall, B.P. Mandal played a crucial role as the head of the Second Backward Classes Commission in identifying and recommending measures to uplift the socially and educationally backward classes in India. His leadership and the commission's report paved the way for the implementation of reservation policies that aimed to address historical inequalities and promote social justice.

False

Your answer is (C). because rajya sabha is a permanent house so it cannot be dissolved whereas lok sabha can be dissolved.

Tenure of Office of the Prime Minister

The tenure of office of the Prime Minister in India is 5 years. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India and holds office during the pleasure of the President.

Tenure and Removal

The Prime Minister can be removed from office by the President if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. If the Prime Minister resigns, the entire Council of Ministers also resigns.

The Prime Minister can continue to hold office even if he loses a no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha. However, if there is a new Prime Minister who is able to command the confidence of the Lok Sabha, then the President can remove the previous Prime Minister from office.

The Prime Minister can also be removed from office if he is found guilty of a criminal offence or if he violates the Constitution of India.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the tenure of office of the Prime Minister in India is 5 years. The Prime Minister can be removed from office if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, resigns, is found guilty of a criminal offence, or violates the Constitution of India.

False...

Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution was unfettered. The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".

If the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha fails to agree with the passing of an ordinary bill it will remain as a bill until it is passed.Then the option is that it shall be presented in a joint session of both the house for debate and pass. If the joint session pass the bill with or without amendments already passed in either of the houses it is the end of the law making procedure. The bill may become a law on getting the assent of the President.

Legal disputes between two state governments are decided by the Supreme Court of India, not the Parliament.

Explanation:

- The Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government, which means that powers are divided between the central government and the state governments.
- However, conflicts may arise between two state governments over issues such as water sharing, boundary disputes, or jurisdictional matters.
- In such cases, the state governments may try to resolve the dispute through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration.
- If these methods fail, the matter can be referred to the Supreme Court of India, which has the final authority to interpret the Constitution and settle disputes between the central government and the state governments or between two state governments.
- The Parliament of India, on the other hand, is the legislative body that makes laws for the entire country, including the states.
- While the Parliament may discuss and debate issues related to state governments, it does not have the power to adjudicate disputes between them.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' (False).

The Institution that settles disputes between citizens and the government is the Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the country and is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and enforcing the laws. Here are some reasons why the Supreme Court is the correct option:

Constitutional Powers:
The Supreme Court has been given the power to interpret the Constitution, which means it can decide whether a law or government action is constitutional or not. This power is essential for settling disputes between the citizens and the government.

Appellate Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over all courts in India. This means that any case can be appealed to the Supreme Court if the parties involved are not satisfied with the decision of the lower courts. This is important because it ensures that citizens have access to justice and can seek redressal for any grievances they may have with the government.

Enforcement Powers:
The Supreme Court has the power to enforce its judgments and orders. This means that if the government does not comply with a Supreme Court order, the Court can take action to ensure that the order is implemented. This power is crucial in ensuring that the government follows the rule of law.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Supreme Court of India is the institution that settles disputes between citizens and the government. It has been given the power to interpret the Constitution, has appellate jurisdiction over all courts in India, and can enforce its judgments and orders. These powers are essential in ensuring that citizens have access to justice and that the government follows the rule of law.

Permanent Executive:
- The permanent executive refers to the civil servants who hold positions in the government administration and are responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the government.
- They are appointed through competitive exams and serve in their positions until retirement.
- The permanent executive is distinct from the political executive, which includes elected officials such as ministers and the prime minister.
Options:
A: District Collector
- The district collector is a part of the permanent executive.
- They are responsible for the administration of a district and report to the state government.
B: Superintendent of Police
- The superintendent of police is also a part of the permanent executive.
- They are responsible for maintaining law and order in a district and report to the district collector.
C: Minister of State for Home Affairs
- The Minister of State for Home Affairs is not a part of the permanent executive.
- This position is a political appointment and is responsible for assisting the Minister of Home Affairs in policy-making and decision-making.
D: Accountant General
- The Accountant General is a part of the permanent executive.
- They are responsible for the maintenance of the state's accounts and audit functions.
Conclusion:
The Minister of State for Home Affairs is not a part of the permanent executive.

The lok sabha is more powerful than the rajya sabha in money matter any things or any order the rajya sabha can not be reject it the rajya sabha can delay only 14 day. or suggest to change in it. the lok sabha may or may not excepted this change .


thanks

Option A is correct

Public interest litigation is a place where a person can complaint against the actions of government if they are not satisfied with that action

B) Rajya sabha

Under article 80 of the Constitution, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) is composed of not more than 250 members, of whom 12 are nominated by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Both (a) and (b).

Explanation:

a) Independent Judiciary:
One of the key features of the Indian judicial system is its independent judiciary. The judiciary in India is separate from the executive and legislative branches of government, which ensures the impartiality and fairness of the judicial process. This separation of powers is enshrined in the Constitution of India and is essential for upholding the rule of law.

The independence of the judiciary is safeguarded through several measures. Firstly, judges are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other senior judges. This ensures that the appointment process is free from political interference. Secondly, judges enjoy security of tenure and cannot be easily removed from office, except through a rigorous impeachment process. This protects them from external pressures and allows them to make decisions based on law and justice rather than political considerations.

Furthermore, the judiciary has the power of judicial review, which allows it to scrutinize the actions of the executive and legislative branches to ensure they are in conformity with the Constitution. This power acts as a check on the other branches of government and helps maintain the balance of power.

b) Integrated Judiciary:
The Indian judicial system also features an integrated judiciary. This means that there is a single hierarchy of courts that operates across the entire country. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the land and has jurisdiction over the whole country. Below the Supreme Court, there are High Courts at the state level, which have jurisdiction over their respective states. Additionally, there are subordinate courts such as district courts and lower courts that operate at the district and local levels.

This integrated structure ensures that there is a uniform interpretation and application of laws throughout the country. It promotes consistency in judicial decisions and prevents conflicting judgments from different regions. It also allows for the smooth flow of cases from lower courts to higher courts, ensuring that justice is accessible to all citizens.

In conclusion, the Indian judicial system is characterized by both an independent judiciary and an integrated judiciary. These features are crucial for upholding the rule of law, protecting the rights of citizens, and maintaining the integrity of the judicial process.

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government.

It often called O.M. Each order contain a special order number with which it can be identified. 1) Office Memorandum is basically a communication issued by an appropriate authority stating the policy or decision of the government. 2) It is referred as a Government order or a circular issued by the executive branch.

In case a Money Bill is not returned by the Rajya Sabha to the Lok Sabha within a period of fourteen days from the date of its receipt, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha after the expiry of said period.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Home Minister.

The political executive is a branch of the government responsible for making and implementing policies and laws. It consists of individuals who hold political offices and are elected or appointed to represent the interests of the people. In the context of the given question, let's discuss each option and identify which one is a part of the political executive.

a) Home Minister:
The Home Minister is a political executive who is responsible for the maintenance of law and order, internal security, and overall administration of the country. They head the Ministry of Home Affairs and are appointed by the President or Prime Minister. The Home Minister formulates policies, oversees the functioning of various departments under the ministry, and plays a crucial role in decision-making related to national security and public safety. Therefore, the Home Minister is a part of the political executive.

b) District Collector:
A District Collector is a bureaucrat who belongs to the administrative executive rather than the political executive. They are appointed by the state government and are responsible for the overall administration of the district. The District Collector's role includes implementing government policies, maintaining law and order, collecting revenue, and coordinating with various government departments. They work under the guidance and supervision of the political executive but are not a part of it.

c) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs:
The Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs is a bureaucratic position and a part of the administrative executive. They are appointed based on their administrative expertise and are responsible for assisting the Home Minister in policy formulation, implementation, and coordination of various departments under the ministry. The Secretary is not a political executive as their appointment is not based on a political mandate.

d) Director General of Police:
The Director General of Police (DGP) is a high-ranking police officer responsible for the overall functioning of the police force in a state or a particular region. They are appointed by the state government or the Union Home Ministry. While the DGP plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order and implementing government policies related to policing, they are part of the administrative executive and not the political executive.

In conclusion, among the given options, only the Home Minister (option 'A') is a part of the political executive as they hold a political office and are responsible for policy-making and implementation in the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The highest formed authority in a country varies depending on the type of government and its constitution. In India, the highest formed authority is the President. Role of President in India:The President of India is the head of state and the first citizen of the country. The role of the President includes:1. Executive powers: The President appoints the Prime Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers, as well as the Attorney General, Comptroller and Auditor General, and members of the Election Commission.2. Legislative powers: The President summons and prorogues sessions of Parliament and also addresses both Houses of Parliament.3. Financial powers: The President causes the Union Budget to be laid before Parliament and also approves all laws related to the administration of finances.4. Judicial powers: The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment.5. Diplomatic powers: The President represents India in international relations and also receives foreign dignitaries.Other high authorities in India:While the President is the highest formed authority in India, there are other officials who hold significant power and responsibilities. These include:1. Prime Minister: The head of the government and the Council of Ministers, responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country.2. Chief Justice of India: The head of the judiciary and the Supreme Court of India, responsible for interpreting the constitution and ensuring justice in the country.3. Chief Election Commissioner: The head of the Election Commission of India, responsible for conducting free and fair elections in the country.Conclusion:In conclusion, the highest formed authority in India is the President, who holds executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and diplomatic powers. However, other high authorities such as the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and Chief Election Commissioner also play crucial roles in the governance of the country.

The President of India is elected by the Electoral College.

The process of electing the President of India involves an indirect election by an Electoral College. The Electoral College consists of the elected members of both houses of Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories.

Composition of the Electoral College:
1. Members of Parliament: The elected members of both houses of Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, form an important part of the Electoral College. These members are elected by the citizens of India through a direct election process.

2. Members of Legislative Assemblies: The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories also form a part of the Electoral College. The members of the Legislative Assemblies are chosen by the citizens of their respective states through a direct election process.

Election Process:
1. Nomination: The process of electing the President starts with the nomination of candidates. Any Indian citizen who is eligible to become a member of Parliament can contest the presidential election.

2. Scrutiny of Nominations: After the nominations are filed, the Chief Election Commissioner or any officer authorized by him/her scrutinizes the nominations and ensures that the candidates fulfill the eligibility criteria.

3. Voting: After the nominations are accepted, the election takes place. The members of the Electoral College cast their votes to elect the President. The voting is conducted through a secret ballot.

4. Counting of Votes: The counting of votes is done under the supervision of the Chief Election Commissioner or any officer authorized by him/her. The candidate who secures the majority of votes is declared the President-elect.

5. Oath-taking: Once the President-elect is declared, he/she takes the oath of office and assumes the position of the President of India.

Conclusion:
The President of India is elected by the Electoral College, which consists of the elected members of both houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and union territories. This process ensures that the President is chosen by representatives of the people, providing for a fair and democratic system of election.

The correct answer is option 'B', which is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of Fundamental Rights in India. It plays a crucial role in upholding and protecting the rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution.

Role of the Supreme Court as the guardian of Fundamental Rights:

1. Interpretation of the Constitution: The Supreme Court is responsible for interpreting the provisions of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights. It ensures that the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution are given their due importance and are not violated by any laws or actions.

2. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which allows it to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. It can strike down any law or action that is found to be in violation of Fundamental Rights. This power acts as a check on the legislative and executive branches of the government and ensures the protection of citizens' rights.

3. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court has the authority to enforce Fundamental Rights. It can issue writs, such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto, to protect the rights of individuals. These writs are powerful tools for safeguarding the rights of citizens and ensuring that they are not infringed upon.

4. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): The Supreme Court has expanded the scope of PIL, allowing individuals and organizations to file petitions on behalf of those whose Fundamental Rights are violated. This has made it easier for citizens to seek justice and protection of their rights.

5. Appointment of Judges: The Supreme Court is involved in the appointment of judges to the High Courts and itself. The selection process ensures that competent and impartial judges are appointed, which is crucial for the effective protection of Fundamental Rights.

6. Guidance to the Government: The Supreme Court provides guidance to the government on matters related to Fundamental Rights. It can issue directions and guidelines to ensure that the government acts in accordance with the Constitution and respects citizens' rights.

Conclusion:

The Supreme Court's role as the guardian of Fundamental Rights is of utmost importance in a democratic country like India. It ensures that citizens' rights are protected, and the government's actions are in line with the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity enshrined in the Constitution. Through its interpretation, judicial review, enforcement, and guidance, the Supreme Court acts as a bulwark against any infringement on Fundamental Rights.

Currently, the only original jurisdiction cases commonly handled by the Supreme Court of the United States are disputes between two or more U.S. states, typically regarding boundary lines, water claims, or other property issues.

The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the President. As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).