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All questions of The Gupta Period and Post Gupta Period for BPSC (Bihar) Exam
Which of the following Indian spices was in great demand in the Roman world?
- a)Cinnamon
- b)Pepper
- c)Tomato
- d)Cardamom
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following Indian spices was in great demand in the Roman world?
a)
Cinnamon
b)
Pepper
c)
Tomato
d)
Cardamom
|
Rohit Jain answered |
The trade in spices lessened after the fall of the Roman Empire, but demand for black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg revived the trade in later centuries.
The correct answer is 'Pepper'.
The correct answer is 'Pepper'.
Erapatti was a special category of land known in the South. What was its revenue meant for?- a)Maintenance of village roads
- b)Feeding of the poor
- c)Construction of irrigation projects
- d)Permanent tenants
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Erapatti was a special category of land known in the South. What was its revenue meant for?
a)
Maintenance of village roads
b)
Feeding of the poor
c)
Construction of irrigation projects
d)
Permanent tenants
|
Capstone Ias Learning answered |
Erapatti was a special category of land in South India, particularly during the Chola period. The revenue generated from Erapatti lands was specifically meant for feeding the poor or providing for the less fortunate in society. These lands were often set aside to support charitable activities, aligning with the values of social welfare prevalent during the time.
What was the name of the man who discovered about 45 A.D. “the existence of the monsoon winds, blowing regularly across the Indian Ocean”?- a)Seleucus
- b)Strabo
- c)Hippalus
- d)Scylax
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What was the name of the man who discovered about 45 A.D. “the existence of the monsoon winds, blowing regularly across the Indian Ocean”?
a)
Seleucus
b)
Strabo
c)
Hippalus
d)
Scylax
|
|
Puja Datta answered |
Discovery of Monsoon Winds by Hippalus
Hippalus was the Greek explorer credited with discovering the monsoon winds in about 45 A.D. He was the first to realize that the winds in the Indian Ocean were not random, but blew regularly in opposite directions at different times of the year. This discovery transformed the trade routes of the ancient world and allowed for more efficient travel and commerce.
Importance of Monsoon Winds in Ancient World
The monsoon winds were critical to the ancient world's trade routes, allowing ships to sail from India to the Red Sea and beyond. Before Hippalus's discovery, ships would hug the coast and take advantage of the sea and land breezes to sail around the Arabian Peninsula. However, with the knowledge of the monsoon winds, sailors could now sail directly across the Indian Ocean and take advantage of the seasonal winds to make the journey faster and safer.
Impact of Hippalus Discovery
Hippalus's discovery had a significant impact on the ancient world's economy, as it allowed for more efficient trade between India and the Roman Empire. The monsoon winds also allowed for the spread of ideas and culture between these two regions, leading to a rich exchange of art, literature, and religion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the discovery of the monsoon winds by Hippalus was a crucial moment in the ancient world's history. It transformed the trade routes of the Indian Ocean and allowed for more efficient travel and commerce. Hippalus's discovery helped to lay the foundation for the global economy, which we still rely on today.
Hippalus was the Greek explorer credited with discovering the monsoon winds in about 45 A.D. He was the first to realize that the winds in the Indian Ocean were not random, but blew regularly in opposite directions at different times of the year. This discovery transformed the trade routes of the ancient world and allowed for more efficient travel and commerce.
Importance of Monsoon Winds in Ancient World
The monsoon winds were critical to the ancient world's trade routes, allowing ships to sail from India to the Red Sea and beyond. Before Hippalus's discovery, ships would hug the coast and take advantage of the sea and land breezes to sail around the Arabian Peninsula. However, with the knowledge of the monsoon winds, sailors could now sail directly across the Indian Ocean and take advantage of the seasonal winds to make the journey faster and safer.
Impact of Hippalus Discovery
Hippalus's discovery had a significant impact on the ancient world's economy, as it allowed for more efficient trade between India and the Roman Empire. The monsoon winds also allowed for the spread of ideas and culture between these two regions, leading to a rich exchange of art, literature, and religion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the discovery of the monsoon winds by Hippalus was a crucial moment in the ancient world's history. It transformed the trade routes of the Indian Ocean and allowed for more efficient travel and commerce. Hippalus's discovery helped to lay the foundation for the global economy, which we still rely on today.
Which one of the following was not a product of the Malaya mountain region?- a)Saffron
- b)Camphor
- c)Pepper
- d)Sandal wood
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following was not a product of the Malaya mountain region?
a)
Saffron
b)
Camphor
c)
Pepper
d)
Sandal wood
|
Vikram Verma answered |
A is the correct option.Currently in India, saffron crop is grown in pockets of Kashmir like Pampore and Kishtwar.Pampore is one of the few places in the world where saffron, the world's most expensive spice, grows.
whereas camphor, pepper,and sandalwood are a product of the Malaya mountain region.These mountains are believed to have formed the southernmost part (southwards starting from the Mangalore region) of the Western Ghats, modern day Kerala, while the Northern part of the same was called the Sahya Mountains.
Which of the consequences of Brahamanas being granted land in backward areas was of crucial importance for India after the 5th and 6th centuries A.D.?- a)The aboriginal peasants became the new Sudras.
- b)The land grants in the developed areas downgraded the importance of the Vaishya peasants.
- c)Writing of Prakrit and Sanskrit was disseminated.
- d)Brahamanas took agriculture.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the consequences of Brahamanas being granted land in backward areas was of crucial importance for India after the 5th and 6th centuries A.D.?
a)
The aboriginal peasants became the new Sudras.
b)
The land grants in the developed areas downgraded the importance of the Vaishya peasants.
c)
Writing of Prakrit and Sanskrit was disseminated.
d)
Brahamanas took agriculture.
|
Mohit Malik answered |
Answer:
Introduction:
In the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., the granting of land to Brahmanas in backward areas had several consequences for India. One of the consequences that had crucial importance for India during this period was the downgrading of the importance of Vaishya peasants in developed areas.
Explanation:
1. Context of land grants to Brahmanas:
During this period, land grants were commonly made to Brahmanas by kings and wealthy individuals. These land grants were given as a form of religious and social patronage, as well as to obtain spiritual merit. This practice was widespread and influenced the social and economic structure of the society.
2. Importance of Vaishya peasants:
The Vaishya caste traditionally held an important position in Indian society as agriculturalists and merchants. They were responsible for agricultural production and trade, and their economic activities were crucial for the overall prosperity of the society. They formed the backbone of the agricultural economy.
3. Downgrading of Vaishya peasants:
With the granting of land to Brahmanas in developed areas, the importance of Vaishya peasants was downgraded. The land grants to Brahmanas resulted in the transfer of land from the productive Vaishya peasants to the non-productive Brahmanas. This led to a decline in the economic power and social status of the Vaishya peasants.
4. Impact on the agricultural economy:
The downgrading of Vaishya peasants had a significant impact on the agricultural economy of India. As the Brahmanas took over the land, the productivity of the agricultural sector declined. This resulted in a decrease in agricultural output, leading to economic stagnation and decline in the overall prosperity of the society.
5. Social and political consequences:
The downgrading of Vaishya peasants also had social and political consequences. The decline in the economic power of the Vaishya peasants weakened their social status and influence. This led to a shift in the power dynamics within the society, with the Brahmanas gaining more control over the economic resources and political decision-making processes.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the downgrading of the importance of Vaishya peasants in developed areas was a crucial consequence of the granting of land to Brahmanas in backward areas during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. This had significant implications for the agricultural economy, social structure, and political dynamics of India during this period.
Introduction:
In the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., the granting of land to Brahmanas in backward areas had several consequences for India. One of the consequences that had crucial importance for India during this period was the downgrading of the importance of Vaishya peasants in developed areas.
Explanation:
1. Context of land grants to Brahmanas:
During this period, land grants were commonly made to Brahmanas by kings and wealthy individuals. These land grants were given as a form of religious and social patronage, as well as to obtain spiritual merit. This practice was widespread and influenced the social and economic structure of the society.
2. Importance of Vaishya peasants:
The Vaishya caste traditionally held an important position in Indian society as agriculturalists and merchants. They were responsible for agricultural production and trade, and their economic activities were crucial for the overall prosperity of the society. They formed the backbone of the agricultural economy.
3. Downgrading of Vaishya peasants:
With the granting of land to Brahmanas in developed areas, the importance of Vaishya peasants was downgraded. The land grants to Brahmanas resulted in the transfer of land from the productive Vaishya peasants to the non-productive Brahmanas. This led to a decline in the economic power and social status of the Vaishya peasants.
4. Impact on the agricultural economy:
The downgrading of Vaishya peasants had a significant impact on the agricultural economy of India. As the Brahmanas took over the land, the productivity of the agricultural sector declined. This resulted in a decrease in agricultural output, leading to economic stagnation and decline in the overall prosperity of the society.
5. Social and political consequences:
The downgrading of Vaishya peasants also had social and political consequences. The decline in the economic power of the Vaishya peasants weakened their social status and influence. This led to a shift in the power dynamics within the society, with the Brahmanas gaining more control over the economic resources and political decision-making processes.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the downgrading of the importance of Vaishya peasants in developed areas was a crucial consequence of the granting of land to Brahmanas in backward areas during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. This had significant implications for the agricultural economy, social structure, and political dynamics of India during this period.
What was the range of land revenue in the South, during this period?- a)One-tenth to one-sixteenth
- b)One-sixth to one-tenth
- c)One-fourth to one-sixth
- d)One-third to one-fourth
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What was the range of land revenue in the South, during this period?
a)
One-tenth to one-sixteenth
b)
One-sixth to one-tenth
c)
One-fourth to one-sixth
d)
One-third to one-fourth
|
Priya Sarkar answered |
Land Revenue in the South during this period
During this period, the range of land revenue in the South was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the produce. This means that the land revenue collected by the rulers or tax collectors from the agricultural produce of the farmers ranged from one-sixth to one-tenth of the total output.
Explanation:
The South, particularly the Deccan region, had a predominantly agrarian economy during this period. The rulers, be it the Vijayanagara Empire or the Bahmani Sultanate, relied on the revenue collected from land to finance their administration and military activities.
The land revenue system in the South was known as the "Rayatwari" system. Under this system, the revenue was collected directly from the cultivators or the "rayats" who were the actual tillers of the land. The revenue was usually a share of the agricultural produce rather than a fixed amount of money.
Range of Land Revenue:
The range of land revenue varied depending on several factors such as the fertility of the land, the type of crops grown, and the prevailing economic conditions. Generally, the range of land revenue in the South during this period was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the produce.
Factors affecting Land Revenue:
1. Fertility of the Land: The more fertile the land, the higher the land revenue. This was because fertile land could yield a higher agricultural produce, and thus, the rulers could collect a larger share of the output.
2. Type of Crops: Different crops had different market values and yields. Cash crops like cotton, indigo, and sugarcane were more valuable compared to food crops like rice or wheat. Therefore, the land revenue collected for cash crops was usually higher than that for food crops.
3. Economic Conditions: During periods of economic prosperity, when agricultural production was high and trade flourished, the land revenue could be higher. Conversely, during times of drought, famine, or economic downturn, the land revenue could be lower to alleviate the burden on the farmers.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the range of land revenue in the South during this period was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the agricultural produce. This range varied based on factors such as the fertility of the land, the type of crops grown, and the prevailing economic conditions. The land revenue collected played a crucial role in the economic and political systems of the South, providing the rulers with the necessary resources to govern and maintain their power.
During this period, the range of land revenue in the South was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the produce. This means that the land revenue collected by the rulers or tax collectors from the agricultural produce of the farmers ranged from one-sixth to one-tenth of the total output.
Explanation:
The South, particularly the Deccan region, had a predominantly agrarian economy during this period. The rulers, be it the Vijayanagara Empire or the Bahmani Sultanate, relied on the revenue collected from land to finance their administration and military activities.
The land revenue system in the South was known as the "Rayatwari" system. Under this system, the revenue was collected directly from the cultivators or the "rayats" who were the actual tillers of the land. The revenue was usually a share of the agricultural produce rather than a fixed amount of money.
Range of Land Revenue:
The range of land revenue varied depending on several factors such as the fertility of the land, the type of crops grown, and the prevailing economic conditions. Generally, the range of land revenue in the South during this period was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the produce.
Factors affecting Land Revenue:
1. Fertility of the Land: The more fertile the land, the higher the land revenue. This was because fertile land could yield a higher agricultural produce, and thus, the rulers could collect a larger share of the output.
2. Type of Crops: Different crops had different market values and yields. Cash crops like cotton, indigo, and sugarcane were more valuable compared to food crops like rice or wheat. Therefore, the land revenue collected for cash crops was usually higher than that for food crops.
3. Economic Conditions: During periods of economic prosperity, when agricultural production was high and trade flourished, the land revenue could be higher. Conversely, during times of drought, famine, or economic downturn, the land revenue could be lower to alleviate the burden on the farmers.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the range of land revenue in the South during this period was from one-sixth to one-tenth of the agricultural produce. This range varied based on factors such as the fertility of the land, the type of crops grown, and the prevailing economic conditions. The land revenue collected played a crucial role in the economic and political systems of the South, providing the rulers with the necessary resources to govern and maintain their power.
What was the share of the produce of the labourers if accompanied by food?- a)One-third
- b)One-fourth
- c)One-fifth
- d)One-sixth
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What was the share of the produce of the labourers if accompanied by food?
a)
One-third
b)
One-fourth
c)
One-fifth
d)
One-sixth
|
|
Sanskriti Singh answered |
Explanation:
The share of the produce of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth.
This means that when laborers are provided with food in addition to their wages, they receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
Understanding the question:
The question asks about the share of the produce of the laborers when they are given food along with their wages. It is important to note that the share is mentioned in terms of a fraction.
Solving the question:
To find the share of the produce, we need to determine the fraction that represents the share. Let's assume the total produce is represented by 'x'.
Given that the share of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth, we can write the equation as follows:
Laborers' share = (1/5) * x
This means that laborers receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
Example:
Let's consider an example to better understand the concept.
Suppose the total produce is 100 units. In this case, the laborers' share would be (1/5) * 100 = 20 units.
This means that out of the total produce of 100 units, the laborers receive 20 units as their share when provided with food.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the share of the produce of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth. This means that when laborers are given food in addition to their wages, they receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
The share of the produce of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth.
This means that when laborers are provided with food in addition to their wages, they receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
Understanding the question:
The question asks about the share of the produce of the laborers when they are given food along with their wages. It is important to note that the share is mentioned in terms of a fraction.
Solving the question:
To find the share of the produce, we need to determine the fraction that represents the share. Let's assume the total produce is represented by 'x'.
Given that the share of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth, we can write the equation as follows:
Laborers' share = (1/5) * x
This means that laborers receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
Example:
Let's consider an example to better understand the concept.
Suppose the total produce is 100 units. In this case, the laborers' share would be (1/5) * 100 = 20 units.
This means that out of the total produce of 100 units, the laborers receive 20 units as their share when provided with food.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the share of the produce of the laborers, when accompanied by food, is one-fifth. This means that when laborers are given food in addition to their wages, they receive one-fifth of the total produce as their share.
St. Thomas came to North Western India to propagate Christianity during the reign of which ruler?- a)Gondopherner
- b)Kanishka
- c)Rudraman-I
- d)Khadphises
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
St. Thomas came to North Western India to propagate Christianity during the reign of which ruler?
a)
Gondopherner
b)
Kanishka
c)
Rudraman-I
d)
Khadphises
|
|
Athira Patel answered |
The correct option is A.
St. Thomas came to India in the reign of Parthians.Gondophernes, also spelled Gondophares, (flourished 1st century ce), an Indo-Parthian king in the areas of Arachosia, Kabul, and Gandhara (present Afghanistan and Pakistan).
St. Thomas came to India in the reign of Parthians.Gondophernes, also spelled Gondophares, (flourished 1st century ce), an Indo-Parthian king in the areas of Arachosia, Kabul, and Gandhara (present Afghanistan and Pakistan).
The word ‘agrarian’ means- a)Agriculture and irrigation
- b)Agriculture and allied sectors
- c)Property right on land
- d)Agriculture
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The word ‘agrarian’ means
a)
Agriculture and irrigation
b)
Agriculture and allied sectors
c)
Property right on land
d)
Agriculture
|
Lakshya Ias answered |
The term agrarian has a broad meaning, and while it is often associated with agriculture, it also specifically refers to systems or policies related to property rights on land. In historical contexts, "agrarian" often refers to land tenure systems, land reform, and policies regarding the ownership and distribution of land. This includes who holds the right to cultivate or own land and the rights or restrictions imposed on those lands.
In essence, agrarian systems govern the use, distribution, and ownership of agricultural land, making property rights on land an integral part of its definition
Consider the following statements:Important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni is found in theI. Indore copper plate inscription of the time of Skandagupta.
II. Harisena’s prasasti at Allahabad
III. Clay seals from Bhita and Basarh
IV. Remains from Arikamedu- a)I, II
- b)I, IV
- c)III, IV
- d)II, III
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements:
Important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni is found in the
I. Indore copper plate inscription of the time of Skandagupta.
II. Harisena’s prasasti at Allahabad
III. Clay seals from Bhita and Basarh
IV. Remains from Arikamedu
II. Harisena’s prasasti at Allahabad
III. Clay seals from Bhita and Basarh
IV. Remains from Arikamedu
a)
I, II
b)
I, IV
c)
III, IV
d)
II, III
|
|
Jaideep Verma answered |
Archaeological Evidence on the Functions of Sreni
I. Indore Copper Plate Inscription of the Time of Skandagupta
- The Indore Copper Plate Inscription of the time of Skandagupta provides important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- It mentions the exemptions granted to the Srenis from certain taxes and duties in recognition of their contributions to the state.
- It also mentions the Srenis' role in the maintenance of canals, roads, and other public works.
II. Harisenas Prasasti at Allahabad
- The Harisenas Prasasti at Allahabad is another important source of archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- It mentions the Srenis' role in the organization of trade and commerce, including the regulation of prices, quality control, and dispute resolution.
- It also mentions the Srenis' contributions to the state, including the provision of troops and the construction of public works.
III. Clay Seals from Bhita and Basarh
- Clay seals from Bhita and Basarh provide further evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- These seals bear inscriptions that indicate the names of the Srenis and their guilds, as well as their products and trade routes.
- They also provide evidence of the Srenis' role in the regulation of trade and commerce, including the enforcement of standards and the resolution of disputes.
IV. Remains from Arikamedu
- The remains from Arikamedu, an ancient port city in southern India, also provide important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of a thriving trade network, with goods such as beads, pottery, and textiles being traded between India and the Roman Empire.
- The presence of Srenis and their guilds at Arikamedu suggests that they played a key role in this trade network, regulating prices, enforcing standards, and resolving disputes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni is found in the Indore copper plate inscription of the time of Skandagupta, the Harisenas prasasti at Allahabad, clay seals from Bhita and Basarh, and remains from Arikamedu. Together, these sources provide a rich and detailed picture of the role played by Srenis in ancient Indian trade and commerce.
I. Indore Copper Plate Inscription of the Time of Skandagupta
- The Indore Copper Plate Inscription of the time of Skandagupta provides important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- It mentions the exemptions granted to the Srenis from certain taxes and duties in recognition of their contributions to the state.
- It also mentions the Srenis' role in the maintenance of canals, roads, and other public works.
II. Harisenas Prasasti at Allahabad
- The Harisenas Prasasti at Allahabad is another important source of archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- It mentions the Srenis' role in the organization of trade and commerce, including the regulation of prices, quality control, and dispute resolution.
- It also mentions the Srenis' contributions to the state, including the provision of troops and the construction of public works.
III. Clay Seals from Bhita and Basarh
- Clay seals from Bhita and Basarh provide further evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- These seals bear inscriptions that indicate the names of the Srenis and their guilds, as well as their products and trade routes.
- They also provide evidence of the Srenis' role in the regulation of trade and commerce, including the enforcement of standards and the resolution of disputes.
IV. Remains from Arikamedu
- The remains from Arikamedu, an ancient port city in southern India, also provide important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni.
- Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of a thriving trade network, with goods such as beads, pottery, and textiles being traded between India and the Roman Empire.
- The presence of Srenis and their guilds at Arikamedu suggests that they played a key role in this trade network, regulating prices, enforcing standards, and resolving disputes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, important archaeological evidence on the functions of Sreni is found in the Indore copper plate inscription of the time of Skandagupta, the Harisenas prasasti at Allahabad, clay seals from Bhita and Basarh, and remains from Arikamedu. Together, these sources provide a rich and detailed picture of the role played by Srenis in ancient Indian trade and commerce.
The most important motive behind the grant of land to priests and officials in lieu of salaries and renumeration was
- a)To punish the recalcitrant peasants.
- b)To weaken the power of the big landlords.
- c)To meet the deep social crisis that affected the ancient social order in the 3rd-4th centuries A.D.
- d)To ensure the regular flow of land revenue.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The most important motive behind the grant of land to priests and officials in lieu of salaries and renumeration was
a)
To punish the recalcitrant peasants.
b)
To weaken the power of the big landlords.
c)
To meet the deep social crisis that affected the ancient social order in the 3rd-4th centuries A.D.
d)
To ensure the regular flow of land revenue.
|
Diya Deshpande answered |
The most important motive behind the grant of land to priests and officials in lieu of salaries and remuneration was to meet the deep social crisis that affected the ancient social order in the 3rd-4th centuries A.D.
1. Background:
- In the 3rd-4th centuries A.D., the Roman Empire faced a series of challenges that led to a deep social crisis.
- The empire was facing external threats from barbarian invasions, internal conflicts, political instability, and economic decline.
- This crisis affected the social order, including the traditional system of taxation and administration.
2. Need for Stability:
- To address the deep social crisis, the central authority needed to stabilize the empire and ensure the loyalty of its subjects.
- The grant of land to priests and officials was one way to achieve this stability.
- By providing land as a form of payment, the authorities ensured the loyalty and support of these influential individuals who played important roles in the society.
3. Economic and Social Stability:
- The grant of land helped to maintain economic stability by providing a stable source of income for priests and officials.
- Instead of relying solely on salaries and remuneration, which could fluctuate or be affected by economic crises, the land provided a more secure and consistent form of wealth.
- This stability allowed priests and officials to maintain their social status and fulfill their roles in the community.
4. Social Crisis and Disruption:
- The deep social crisis of the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. disrupted the traditional social order.
- The power of big landlords was weakened, and the peasant class faced difficulties in meeting their obligations.
- By granting land to priests and officials, the authorities aimed to address this disruption and restore some semblance of order in society.
5. Loyalty and Control:
- Granting land to priests and officials also helped to ensure their loyalty to the central authority.
- By providing them with a means of livelihood, the authorities could maintain control over these influential individuals and prevent them from becoming a threat to the stability of the empire.
In conclusion, the grant of land to priests and officials in lieu of salaries and remuneration was primarily motivated by the need to meet the deep social crisis that affected the ancient social order in the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. It aimed to provide stability, maintain economic and social order, and ensure the loyalty of influential individuals in a time of crisis.
1. Background:
- In the 3rd-4th centuries A.D., the Roman Empire faced a series of challenges that led to a deep social crisis.
- The empire was facing external threats from barbarian invasions, internal conflicts, political instability, and economic decline.
- This crisis affected the social order, including the traditional system of taxation and administration.
2. Need for Stability:
- To address the deep social crisis, the central authority needed to stabilize the empire and ensure the loyalty of its subjects.
- The grant of land to priests and officials was one way to achieve this stability.
- By providing land as a form of payment, the authorities ensured the loyalty and support of these influential individuals who played important roles in the society.
3. Economic and Social Stability:
- The grant of land helped to maintain economic stability by providing a stable source of income for priests and officials.
- Instead of relying solely on salaries and remuneration, which could fluctuate or be affected by economic crises, the land provided a more secure and consistent form of wealth.
- This stability allowed priests and officials to maintain their social status and fulfill their roles in the community.
4. Social Crisis and Disruption:
- The deep social crisis of the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. disrupted the traditional social order.
- The power of big landlords was weakened, and the peasant class faced difficulties in meeting their obligations.
- By granting land to priests and officials, the authorities aimed to address this disruption and restore some semblance of order in society.
5. Loyalty and Control:
- Granting land to priests and officials also helped to ensure their loyalty to the central authority.
- By providing them with a means of livelihood, the authorities could maintain control over these influential individuals and prevent them from becoming a threat to the stability of the empire.
In conclusion, the grant of land to priests and officials in lieu of salaries and remuneration was primarily motivated by the need to meet the deep social crisis that affected the ancient social order in the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. It aimed to provide stability, maintain economic and social order, and ensure the loyalty of influential individuals in a time of crisis.
What was the significance of the transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees?- a)It amounted to transfer of sovereignty.
- b)It resulted in exploitation of the miners.
- c)It ensured regular income.
- d)It resulted in private monopoly.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
What was the significance of the transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees?
a)
It amounted to transfer of sovereignty.
b)
It resulted in exploitation of the miners.
c)
It ensured regular income.
d)
It resulted in private monopoly.
|
|
Malavika Mukherjee answered |
Significance of the transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees:
The transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees was a significant development with several implications. This transfer of authority had a profound impact on various aspects of governance, economy, and society during that period. Let's explore the significance of this transfer in detail:
1. Transfer of Sovereignty:
The transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees amounted to a transfer of sovereignty. It represented a shift in power from the central authority (the monarchy) to the regional or local authorities (the donees). By granting these rights, the monarchy delegated its control and authority over these crucial economic activities to the donees, thereby reducing its direct influence.
2. Decentralization of Power:
This transfer of rights contributed to the decentralization of power in the kingdom. It allowed the donees to exercise control over salt production and mining activities in their respective regions. This decentralization had implications for governance, as the donees gained autonomy and authority over these economic resources.
3. Regular Income:
One of the key advantages of this transfer was that it ensured a regular income for the donees. Salt and mining industries were lucrative and profitable during that period. By granting the rights to the donees, the monarchy allowed them to collect taxes, royalties, and other forms of revenue from these industries. This regular income helped the donees maintain their regional authority and sustain their administrative activities.
4. Exploitation of Miners:
Although not mentioned as the correct answer, it is important to note that the transfer of rights to the donees also had negative consequences. The donees often exploited the miners and laborers working in these industries. They imposed heavy taxes, enforced harsh working conditions, and extracted maximum profits from these activities. This exploitation of miners and laborers was a dark side of this transfer of rights.
5. Private Monopoly:
Another implication of this transfer was the creation of private monopolies in the salt and mining industries. The donees gained exclusive rights and control over these economic activities, which allowed them to establish monopolies in their regions. This concentration of power and resources in the hands of a few donees led to economic imbalances and inequalities.
In conclusion, the transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees had significant implications. It represented a transfer of sovereignty and power, ensured regular income for the donees, but also led to exploitation of miners and the establishment of private monopolies.
The transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees was a significant development with several implications. This transfer of authority had a profound impact on various aspects of governance, economy, and society during that period. Let's explore the significance of this transfer in detail:
1. Transfer of Sovereignty:
The transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees amounted to a transfer of sovereignty. It represented a shift in power from the central authority (the monarchy) to the regional or local authorities (the donees). By granting these rights, the monarchy delegated its control and authority over these crucial economic activities to the donees, thereby reducing its direct influence.
2. Decentralization of Power:
This transfer of rights contributed to the decentralization of power in the kingdom. It allowed the donees to exercise control over salt production and mining activities in their respective regions. This decentralization had implications for governance, as the donees gained autonomy and authority over these economic resources.
3. Regular Income:
One of the key advantages of this transfer was that it ensured a regular income for the donees. Salt and mining industries were lucrative and profitable during that period. By granting the rights to the donees, the monarchy allowed them to collect taxes, royalties, and other forms of revenue from these industries. This regular income helped the donees maintain their regional authority and sustain their administrative activities.
4. Exploitation of Miners:
Although not mentioned as the correct answer, it is important to note that the transfer of rights to the donees also had negative consequences. The donees often exploited the miners and laborers working in these industries. They imposed heavy taxes, enforced harsh working conditions, and extracted maximum profits from these activities. This exploitation of miners and laborers was a dark side of this transfer of rights.
5. Private Monopoly:
Another implication of this transfer was the creation of private monopolies in the salt and mining industries. The donees gained exclusive rights and control over these economic activities, which allowed them to establish monopolies in their regions. This concentration of power and resources in the hands of a few donees led to economic imbalances and inequalities.
In conclusion, the transfer of royal rights over salt and mining manufacture to the donees had significant implications. It represented a transfer of sovereignty and power, ensured regular income for the donees, but also led to exploitation of miners and the establishment of private monopolies.
Which of the following was one of the services to be performed by the villagers, when royal troops and officials halted at the village?- a)Contribute provisions
- b)Contribute money
- c)Provide cattle for transport
- d)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following was one of the services to be performed by the villagers, when royal troops and officials halted at the village?
a)
Contribute provisions
b)
Contribute money
c)
Provide cattle for transport
d)
All of the above
|
Anjali Kaur answered |
The correct answer is option 'D': All of the above.
When royal troops and officials halted at a village, the villagers were expected to perform several services to cater to the needs of the soldiers and officials. These services included contributing provisions, contributing money, and providing cattle for transport.
1. Contributing provisions:
- Villagers were required to provide food and other provisions to the soldiers and officials. This could include items like grains, vegetables, fruits, and other necessary supplies.
- Providing provisions ensured that the troops and officials had enough food to sustain themselves during their stay in the village.
2. Contributing money:
- Villagers were also expected to contribute money to support the troops and officials. This could be in the form of taxes or other financial contributions.
- The money collected from the villagers would be used to meet the expenses of the soldiers and officials, such as paying for their food, accommodation, and other necessities.
3. Providing cattle for transport:
- Another service that the villagers had to perform was providing cattle for transport. These animals would be used to carry the belongings, equipment, and sometimes even the soldiers and officials themselves.
- Villagers would have to lend their oxen or other suitable animals for the purpose of transportation, ensuring the smooth movement of the troops and officials.
These services were a part of the system of requisition and forced provisioning that was prevalent during the medieval times. The villagers had to fulfill these obligations as a part of their duties towards the ruling authorities. It was a way for the royal troops and officials to sustain themselves during their travels and maintain their authority over the villages they visited.
In conclusion, when royal troops and officials halted at a village, the villagers were required to contribute provisions, money, and provide cattle for transport. This helped meet the needs of the soldiers and officials and ensured their smooth stay in the village.
When royal troops and officials halted at a village, the villagers were expected to perform several services to cater to the needs of the soldiers and officials. These services included contributing provisions, contributing money, and providing cattle for transport.
1. Contributing provisions:
- Villagers were required to provide food and other provisions to the soldiers and officials. This could include items like grains, vegetables, fruits, and other necessary supplies.
- Providing provisions ensured that the troops and officials had enough food to sustain themselves during their stay in the village.
2. Contributing money:
- Villagers were also expected to contribute money to support the troops and officials. This could be in the form of taxes or other financial contributions.
- The money collected from the villagers would be used to meet the expenses of the soldiers and officials, such as paying for their food, accommodation, and other necessities.
3. Providing cattle for transport:
- Another service that the villagers had to perform was providing cattle for transport. These animals would be used to carry the belongings, equipment, and sometimes even the soldiers and officials themselves.
- Villagers would have to lend their oxen or other suitable animals for the purpose of transportation, ensuring the smooth movement of the troops and officials.
These services were a part of the system of requisition and forced provisioning that was prevalent during the medieval times. The villagers had to fulfill these obligations as a part of their duties towards the ruling authorities. It was a way for the royal troops and officials to sustain themselves during their travels and maintain their authority over the villages they visited.
In conclusion, when royal troops and officials halted at a village, the villagers were required to contribute provisions, money, and provide cattle for transport. This helped meet the needs of the soldiers and officials and ensured their smooth stay in the village.
Which one of the following statements about the activities of the village councils of south India is not correct?
- a)They were responsible for revenue collection.
- b)They had virtual ownership of the village’s waste land, with the right of sale.
- c)They took an active interest in the communal welfare, dug and renewed reservoirs, made canals and improved the roads.
- d)They had no judicial function.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about the activities of the village councils of south India is not correct?
a)
They were responsible for revenue collection.
b)
They had virtual ownership of the village’s waste land, with the right of sale.
c)
They took an active interest in the communal welfare, dug and renewed reservoirs, made canals and improved the roads.
d)
They had no judicial function.
|
Puja Ahuja answered |
The correct answer is option 'D': They had no judicial function.
Explanation:
The village councils of South India, also known as the Sabhas or Mahajanas, were important institutions in the governance and administration of villages in the region. These councils played a crucial role in various aspects of village life and had several responsibilities and functions. However, one of the statements about their activities is not correct, as explained below:
a) They were responsible for revenue collection:
The village councils were responsible for revenue collection in the villages. They collected taxes and other forms of revenue from the villagers, which were then used for the development and welfare of the village. This revenue collection was an important source of income for the village councils.
b) They had virtual ownership of the village's waste land, with the right of sale:
The village councils had virtual ownership of the waste land in the villages, which means they had control over its use and management. They could sell or lease the waste land for various purposes, such as agriculture or infrastructure development. This ownership and control over waste land gave the village councils additional powers and resources.
c) They took an active interest in communal welfare, dug and renewed reservoirs, made canals, and improved roads:
The village councils played an active role in the welfare of the community. They were involved in various development activities, such as digging and renewing reservoirs to ensure a stable water supply for agriculture, making canals for irrigation, and improving roads for better connectivity. These activities aimed to enhance the overall well-being of the villagers and promote economic growth.
d) They had no judicial function:
This statement is not correct. The village councils did have a judicial function and played a role in resolving disputes and maintaining law and order in the villages. They acted as a local court and settled civil and criminal cases based on customary laws and practices. The village councils had the authority to enforce their decisions and maintain peace within the village.
In conclusion, the correct statement is that the village councils of South India did have a judicial function, contrary to option 'D'.
Explanation:
The village councils of South India, also known as the Sabhas or Mahajanas, were important institutions in the governance and administration of villages in the region. These councils played a crucial role in various aspects of village life and had several responsibilities and functions. However, one of the statements about their activities is not correct, as explained below:
a) They were responsible for revenue collection:
The village councils were responsible for revenue collection in the villages. They collected taxes and other forms of revenue from the villagers, which were then used for the development and welfare of the village. This revenue collection was an important source of income for the village councils.
b) They had virtual ownership of the village's waste land, with the right of sale:
The village councils had virtual ownership of the waste land in the villages, which means they had control over its use and management. They could sell or lease the waste land for various purposes, such as agriculture or infrastructure development. This ownership and control over waste land gave the village councils additional powers and resources.
c) They took an active interest in communal welfare, dug and renewed reservoirs, made canals, and improved roads:
The village councils played an active role in the welfare of the community. They were involved in various development activities, such as digging and renewing reservoirs to ensure a stable water supply for agriculture, making canals for irrigation, and improving roads for better connectivity. These activities aimed to enhance the overall well-being of the villagers and promote economic growth.
d) They had no judicial function:
This statement is not correct. The village councils did have a judicial function and played a role in resolving disputes and maintaining law and order in the villages. They acted as a local court and settled civil and criminal cases based on customary laws and practices. The village councils had the authority to enforce their decisions and maintain peace within the village.
In conclusion, the correct statement is that the village councils of South India did have a judicial function, contrary to option 'D'.
Ostensibly land grants were initially made on religious grounds. But the underlying idea of donating land was
- a)To reduce the burden of the exchequer.
- b)To extend the area of cultivation through private efforts.
- c)To appease the Brahamanas.
- d)To win the favour of gods by satisfying the Brahamanas.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Ostensibly land grants were initially made on religious grounds. But the underlying idea of donating land was
a)
To reduce the burden of the exchequer.
b)
To extend the area of cultivation through private efforts.
c)
To appease the Brahamanas.
d)
To win the favour of gods by satisfying the Brahamanas.
|
|
Dipika Mishra answered |
Ostensible religious grounds for land grants
- Land grants were initially made on religious grounds, meaning that the primary reason for donating land was to fulfill religious obligations or gain religious merit.
- This was in line with the prevalent belief systems of the time, where acts of charity and donation were considered virtuous and a means to attain spiritual merit.
- Donating land to religious institutions or Brahmanas was seen as a way to earn the blessings of the gods and ensure divine favor.
Underlying idea of donating land
The correct answer to the question is option 'B', which states that the underlying idea of donating land was to extend the area of cultivation through private efforts. This answer can be explained as follows:
1. Promoting cultivation and agriculture
- One of the primary motivations behind land grants was to promote agriculture and increase cultivation in a given area.
- By donating land to individuals or institutions, the donor aimed to encourage the recipients to cultivate the land and make it productive.
- This would not only benefit the recipient but also contribute to the overall economic development of the region.
2. Private efforts for agricultural expansion
- The emphasis on private efforts in the answer suggests that the responsibility for cultivating the donated land fell on the recipient.
- Instead of relying solely on the state or royal exchequer for agricultural development, land grants aimed to incentivize private individuals or institutions to take up the task.
- This decentralized approach allowed for a more efficient and widespread expansion of cultivation.
3. Benefits of agricultural expansion
- The extension of cultivation through land grants had several benefits for the society and the state.
- It increased agricultural production, leading to a surplus of food and other agricultural products.
- This surplus could be used for trade, taxation, and supporting the needs of the growing population.
- It also contributed to the overall prosperity and economic development of the region.
4. Religious motivations
- While the primary reason for land grants may have been religious, the underlying idea behind this religious aspect was to stimulate agricultural growth.
- Donating land to religious institutions or Brahmanas was a way to promote cultivation and ensure that the land would be put to productive use.
- The religious dimension provided a moral and spiritual justification for the act of donation, making it more socially acceptable and culturally significant.
In conclusion, the underlying idea of donating land was to extend cultivation through private efforts, thereby promoting agricultural expansion and economic development. While religious motivations played a role, the primary objective was to stimulate agriculture and reduce the burden on the exchequer.
- Land grants were initially made on religious grounds, meaning that the primary reason for donating land was to fulfill religious obligations or gain religious merit.
- This was in line with the prevalent belief systems of the time, where acts of charity and donation were considered virtuous and a means to attain spiritual merit.
- Donating land to religious institutions or Brahmanas was seen as a way to earn the blessings of the gods and ensure divine favor.
Underlying idea of donating land
The correct answer to the question is option 'B', which states that the underlying idea of donating land was to extend the area of cultivation through private efforts. This answer can be explained as follows:
1. Promoting cultivation and agriculture
- One of the primary motivations behind land grants was to promote agriculture and increase cultivation in a given area.
- By donating land to individuals or institutions, the donor aimed to encourage the recipients to cultivate the land and make it productive.
- This would not only benefit the recipient but also contribute to the overall economic development of the region.
2. Private efforts for agricultural expansion
- The emphasis on private efforts in the answer suggests that the responsibility for cultivating the donated land fell on the recipient.
- Instead of relying solely on the state or royal exchequer for agricultural development, land grants aimed to incentivize private individuals or institutions to take up the task.
- This decentralized approach allowed for a more efficient and widespread expansion of cultivation.
3. Benefits of agricultural expansion
- The extension of cultivation through land grants had several benefits for the society and the state.
- It increased agricultural production, leading to a surplus of food and other agricultural products.
- This surplus could be used for trade, taxation, and supporting the needs of the growing population.
- It also contributed to the overall prosperity and economic development of the region.
4. Religious motivations
- While the primary reason for land grants may have been religious, the underlying idea behind this religious aspect was to stimulate agricultural growth.
- Donating land to religious institutions or Brahmanas was a way to promote cultivation and ensure that the land would be put to productive use.
- The religious dimension provided a moral and spiritual justification for the act of donation, making it more socially acceptable and culturally significant.
In conclusion, the underlying idea of donating land was to extend cultivation through private efforts, thereby promoting agricultural expansion and economic development. While religious motivations played a role, the primary objective was to stimulate agriculture and reduce the burden on the exchequer.
In the South, crown lands were rented out to- a)Tenant-farmers
- b)Tenants-in-chief
- c)Tenants-at-will
- d)Permanent tenants
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
In the South, crown lands were rented out to
a)
Tenant-farmers
b)
Tenants-in-chief
c)
Tenants-at-will
d)
Permanent tenants
|
|
Nitin Choudhury answered |
Tenure system in South
The tenure system in the South was based on the concept of feudalism. Under this system, the king was the ultimate owner of all the land in the country. The land was divided into two categories - crown lands and mesne lands.
Crown lands
Crown lands were the lands that were directly owned by the king. These lands were rented out to tenants for a fixed period. The rent was paid in kind or in cash.
Tenants-at-will
Tenants-at-will were those tenants who had no fixed period of tenancy. They could be evicted at the will of the landlord. The rent for these tenants was also not fixed and could be increased or decreased at the will of the landlord.
Reason for Tenancy-at-will
The reason for tenancy-at-will was that the landlords wanted to have complete control over their lands. They did not want to be bound by any fixed period of tenancy. This gave them the freedom to evict their tenants and rent out their lands to others if they found a better deal.
Conclusion
Thus, in the South, crown lands were rented out to tenants-at-will. These tenants had no fixed period of tenancy and could be evicted at the will of the landlord. The rent for these tenants was also not fixed and could be increased or decreased at the will of the landlord. This system gave the landlords complete control over their lands and the tenants had no security of tenure.
The tenure system in the South was based on the concept of feudalism. Under this system, the king was the ultimate owner of all the land in the country. The land was divided into two categories - crown lands and mesne lands.
Crown lands
Crown lands were the lands that were directly owned by the king. These lands were rented out to tenants for a fixed period. The rent was paid in kind or in cash.
Tenants-at-will
Tenants-at-will were those tenants who had no fixed period of tenancy. They could be evicted at the will of the landlord. The rent for these tenants was also not fixed and could be increased or decreased at the will of the landlord.
Reason for Tenancy-at-will
The reason for tenancy-at-will was that the landlords wanted to have complete control over their lands. They did not want to be bound by any fixed period of tenancy. This gave them the freedom to evict their tenants and rent out their lands to others if they found a better deal.
Conclusion
Thus, in the South, crown lands were rented out to tenants-at-will. These tenants had no fixed period of tenancy and could be evicted at the will of the landlord. The rent for these tenants was also not fixed and could be increased or decreased at the will of the landlord. This system gave the landlords complete control over their lands and the tenants had no security of tenure.
Royal authority declined from the 5th century onwards because of one fundamental reasons.Which one was that?- a)Right to punish criminals was surrendered to the intermediaries.
- b)Brahamanas were granted tax-free villages and officials too were given land grants.
- c)The beneficiaries got their lands cultivated by peasants or share-croppers.
- d)The Brahamanas and others not only collected taxes but also maintained law and order in the villages.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Royal authority declined from the 5th century onwards because of one fundamental reasons.Which one was that?
a)
Right to punish criminals was surrendered to the intermediaries.
b)
Brahamanas were granted tax-free villages and officials too were given land grants.
c)
The beneficiaries got their lands cultivated by peasants or share-croppers.
d)
The Brahamanas and others not only collected taxes but also maintained law and order in the villages.
|
Madhurima Desai answered |
Decline of Royal Authority in the 5th Century
Introduction:
The decline of royal authority in India from the 5th century onwards can be attributed to various factors. However, one fundamental reason for this decline was the granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries.
Explanation:
The decline of royal authority can be understood through the following points:
1. Granting of Tax-Free Villages:
- The kings began granting tax-free villages to the Brahmanas. This meant that these villages were exempt from paying taxes to the royal treasury.
- By granting tax-free villages, the kings effectively surrendered their authority to collect taxes from these areas.
- This led to a decline in the revenue of the royal treasury and weakened the financial power of the kings.
2. Land Grants to Brahmanas and Officials:
- Along with tax-free villages, the Brahmanas and officials were also given land grants.
- These land grants provided the beneficiaries with a source of income and economic stability.
- The beneficiaries could cultivate the land themselves or hire peasants or share-croppers to cultivate the land on their behalf.
- This further reduced the revenue of the royal treasury as the kings lost control over these lands and the taxes that could have been collected from them.
3. Loss of Control over Law and Order:
- The Brahmanas and others not only collected taxes but also maintained law and order in the villages.
- This meant that the royal authority lost its control over the administration of justice and law enforcement in these areas.
- The Brahmanas acted as intermediaries between the king and the villagers, effectively reducing the direct influence of the king in the villages.
Impact:
The granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries had significant consequences:
- The decline in revenue weakened the financial power of the kings, making them dependent on the goodwill and support of the Brahmanas.
- The loss of control over law and order diminished the authority of the king in the villages, leading to the decentralization of power and the rise of local elites.
- The Brahmanas and other beneficiaries, who held economic and administrative power, gained significant influence and played a crucial role in shaping the socio-political landscape.
Conclusion:
The granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries played a fundamental role in the decline of royal authority from the 5th century onwards. This shift in power dynamics led to the weakening of the kings' financial power, loss of control over law and order, and the rise of local elites.
Introduction:
The decline of royal authority in India from the 5th century onwards can be attributed to various factors. However, one fundamental reason for this decline was the granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries.
Explanation:
The decline of royal authority can be understood through the following points:
1. Granting of Tax-Free Villages:
- The kings began granting tax-free villages to the Brahmanas. This meant that these villages were exempt from paying taxes to the royal treasury.
- By granting tax-free villages, the kings effectively surrendered their authority to collect taxes from these areas.
- This led to a decline in the revenue of the royal treasury and weakened the financial power of the kings.
2. Land Grants to Brahmanas and Officials:
- Along with tax-free villages, the Brahmanas and officials were also given land grants.
- These land grants provided the beneficiaries with a source of income and economic stability.
- The beneficiaries could cultivate the land themselves or hire peasants or share-croppers to cultivate the land on their behalf.
- This further reduced the revenue of the royal treasury as the kings lost control over these lands and the taxes that could have been collected from them.
3. Loss of Control over Law and Order:
- The Brahmanas and others not only collected taxes but also maintained law and order in the villages.
- This meant that the royal authority lost its control over the administration of justice and law enforcement in these areas.
- The Brahmanas acted as intermediaries between the king and the villagers, effectively reducing the direct influence of the king in the villages.
Impact:
The granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries had significant consequences:
- The decline in revenue weakened the financial power of the kings, making them dependent on the goodwill and support of the Brahmanas.
- The loss of control over law and order diminished the authority of the king in the villages, leading to the decentralization of power and the rise of local elites.
- The Brahmanas and other beneficiaries, who held economic and administrative power, gained significant influence and played a crucial role in shaping the socio-political landscape.
Conclusion:
The granting of tax-free villages and land grants to the Brahmanas and other beneficiaries played a fundamental role in the decline of royal authority from the 5th century onwards. This shift in power dynamics led to the weakening of the kings' financial power, loss of control over law and order, and the rise of local elites.
The land grants of which one of the following parts of India empowered the recepients to punish thieves and other criminals?- a)West
- b)South
- c)North
- d)Central India
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The land grants of which one of the following parts of India empowered the recepients to punish thieves and other criminals?
a)
West
b)
South
c)
North
d)
Central India
|
|
Lakshya Ias answered |
In North India, particularly during the medieval period, land grants often included not only the rights to the land but also judicial powers. These grants empowered the recipients to administer justice, including the authority to punish thieves and other criminals. This was part of the larger system of governance where landowners were given administrative autonomy to manage their territories, as seen in regions under Gupta and post-Gupta rule.
These grants were important in maintaining local law and order, especially in areas where central authority might not have been as strong.
These grants were important in maintaining local law and order, especially in areas where central authority might not have been as strong.
A significant feature of this period was that salaries were sometimes paid not in cash but in grant of land. Which one of the following does not testify to this practice?- a)Decline in the financial viability of the state.
- b)Specific reference to this practice by HiuenTsang in his account of India.
- c)Frequency of land-grant inscriptions (in stone and metal) found from this period onwards.
- d)None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
A significant feature of this period was that salaries were sometimes paid not in cash but in grant of land. Which one of the following does not testify to this practice?
a)
Decline in the financial viability of the state.
b)
Specific reference to this practice by HiuenTsang in his account of India.
c)
Frequency of land-grant inscriptions (in stone and metal) found from this period onwards.
d)
None of the above.
|
S.S Career Academy answered |
During the early medieval period, it was common for officials and military personnel to receive land grants instead of cash salaries. This practice is well-documented through various means:
- Decline in the financial viability of the state: The weakening of the central authority often led to the state being unable to pay in cash, leading to land grants as a form of compensation.
- Hiuen-Tsang's account: The Chinese traveler Hiuen-Tsang (Xuanzang) specifically mentioned this practice in his observations during his travels in India, noting how officials were compensated with land grants rather than cash.
- Land-grant inscriptions: Numerous land-grant inscriptions, carved in stone and metal, have been found from this period onwards, further testifying to the prevalence of this system.
Since all the options (A, B, and C) accurately testify to this practice, D is the correct answer.
Which one of the following ruling dynasties made the largest grant of villages to temples and Brahmanas? - a)Guptas
- b)Palas
- c)Rastrakutas
- d)Pratiharas
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following ruling dynasties made the largest grant of villages to temples and Brahmanas?
a)
Guptas
b)
Palas
c)
Rastrakutas
d)
Pratiharas
|
|
Asha Kulkarni answered |
The correct answer is option 'A' - Guptas.
Explanation:
The Guptas were a ruling dynasty in ancient India from around 320 to 550 CE. They are known for their significant contributions in various fields such as art, literature, mathematics, and administration. One of their notable achievements was their patronage of temples and Brahmanas.
During the Gupta period, the rulers made large grants of villages to temples and Brahmanas. This practice was a major source of income for the temples and the Brahmanas, who were the priestly class in ancient India. The grants were made to support the religious institutions and to ensure the welfare of the Brahmans, who performed religious rituals and ceremonies.
The grants of villages were made in the form of land, which provided a stable source of income for the temples and the Brahmanas. The land granted to the temples was known as Devadana, while the land granted to the Brahmanas was known as Brahmadaya. These grants were often accompanied by other privileges and exemptions from taxes.
The Guptas made these grants as an act of piety and to gain religious merit. They believed that by supporting the temples and the Brahmanas, they would earn the blessings of the gods and ensure the prosperity and well-being of their kingdom.
The grants of villages by the Guptas were not only a religious act but also had political and economic implications. By patronizing the temples and the Brahmanas, the Guptas gained the support and loyalty of the priestly class, which helped them maintain their authority and legitimacy. The grants also helped in the economic development of the region, as the temples and the Brahmanas played a crucial role in agriculture and irrigation.
In conclusion, the Guptas made the largest grant of villages to temples and Brahmanas during their reign. This practice was a significant aspect of their governance and had both religious and political implications.
Explanation:
The Guptas were a ruling dynasty in ancient India from around 320 to 550 CE. They are known for their significant contributions in various fields such as art, literature, mathematics, and administration. One of their notable achievements was their patronage of temples and Brahmanas.
During the Gupta period, the rulers made large grants of villages to temples and Brahmanas. This practice was a major source of income for the temples and the Brahmanas, who were the priestly class in ancient India. The grants were made to support the religious institutions and to ensure the welfare of the Brahmans, who performed religious rituals and ceremonies.
The grants of villages were made in the form of land, which provided a stable source of income for the temples and the Brahmanas. The land granted to the temples was known as Devadana, while the land granted to the Brahmanas was known as Brahmadaya. These grants were often accompanied by other privileges and exemptions from taxes.
The Guptas made these grants as an act of piety and to gain religious merit. They believed that by supporting the temples and the Brahmanas, they would earn the blessings of the gods and ensure the prosperity and well-being of their kingdom.
The grants of villages by the Guptas were not only a religious act but also had political and economic implications. By patronizing the temples and the Brahmanas, the Guptas gained the support and loyalty of the priestly class, which helped them maintain their authority and legitimacy. The grants also helped in the economic development of the region, as the temples and the Brahmanas played a crucial role in agriculture and irrigation.
In conclusion, the Guptas made the largest grant of villages to temples and Brahmanas during their reign. This practice was a significant aspect of their governance and had both religious and political implications.
At the post-Gupta period, which one of the following social groups started competing with the Brahmins for power and position?- a)Ranakas
- b)Brahma Ksatras
- c)Kayasthas
- d)Gahapatis
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
At the post-Gupta period, which one of the following social groups started competing with the Brahmins for power and position?
a)
Ranakas
b)
Brahma Ksatras
c)
Kayasthas
d)
Gahapatis
|
Mrinalini Roy answered |
The correct option is C.
Kayastha (also referred to as Kayasth or Kayeth) denotes a cluster of disparate communities broadly categorised by the regions of India in which they were traditionally located—the Chitragupta Vansh Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra and the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal.
Kayastha (also referred to as Kayasth or Kayeth) denotes a cluster of disparate communities broadly categorised by the regions of India in which they were traditionally located—the Chitragupta Vansh Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra and the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal.
Which one of the following statements about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is incorrect?- a)The actual cultivation was entrusted to peasants or sharecorppers who were attached to the land but did not possess it.
- b)The landed beneficiaries did not cultivate land by themselves.
- c)The landed beneficiaries could not collect revenue by themselves.
- d)The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural labourers.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is incorrect?
a)
The actual cultivation was entrusted to peasants or sharecorppers who were attached to the land but did not possess it.
b)
The landed beneficiaries did not cultivate land by themselves.
c)
The landed beneficiaries could not collect revenue by themselves.
d)
The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural labourers.
|
|
Charvi Bose answered |
The Incorrect Statement:
The incorrect statement about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is option 'D': The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural laborers.
Explanation:
During the post-Gupta period, the agrarian economy in India witnessed several changes. Here is a detailed explanation of each statement and why option 'D' is incorrect:
a) The actual cultivation was entrusted to peasants or sharecroppers who were attached to the land but did not possess it:
During this period, the actual cultivation of land was mainly carried out by peasants or sharecroppers. These individuals were attached to the land and had the responsibility of cultivating it. However, they did not possess the land and were often bound to the landowners through various arrangements such as the sharing of the produce or payment of rent.
b) The landed beneficiaries did not cultivate land by themselves:
The landowners or landed beneficiaries, who were usually members of the upper castes such as Brahmins and Kshatriyas, did not directly engage in agricultural activities. They relied on the labor of peasants and sharecroppers to cultivate the land.
c) The landed beneficiaries could not collect revenue by themselves:
During the post-Gupta period, the collection of revenue was often carried out by officials appointed by the ruling authorities. These officials were responsible for collecting revenue on behalf of the landed beneficiaries. The system of revenue collection was structured, and the landowners themselves were not directly involved in this process.
d) The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural laborers:
This statement is incorrect. Sudras, who were considered the lowest caste in the traditional Hindu social hierarchy, did not primarily cultivate land as slaves or agricultural laborers during the post-Gupta period. While it is true that the Sudra caste often faced social and economic disadvantages, they still had the opportunity to own and cultivate land. The Sudras were not solely confined to the role of slaves or agricultural laborers, and they could engage in agricultural activities as independent cultivators.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the incorrect statement about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is option 'D'. The Sudras did not solely cultivate land as slaves and agricultural laborers; they had the opportunity to own and cultivate land independently.
The incorrect statement about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is option 'D': The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural laborers.
Explanation:
During the post-Gupta period, the agrarian economy in India witnessed several changes. Here is a detailed explanation of each statement and why option 'D' is incorrect:
a) The actual cultivation was entrusted to peasants or sharecroppers who were attached to the land but did not possess it:
During this period, the actual cultivation of land was mainly carried out by peasants or sharecroppers. These individuals were attached to the land and had the responsibility of cultivating it. However, they did not possess the land and were often bound to the landowners through various arrangements such as the sharing of the produce or payment of rent.
b) The landed beneficiaries did not cultivate land by themselves:
The landowners or landed beneficiaries, who were usually members of the upper castes such as Brahmins and Kshatriyas, did not directly engage in agricultural activities. They relied on the labor of peasants and sharecroppers to cultivate the land.
c) The landed beneficiaries could not collect revenue by themselves:
During the post-Gupta period, the collection of revenue was often carried out by officials appointed by the ruling authorities. These officials were responsible for collecting revenue on behalf of the landed beneficiaries. The system of revenue collection was structured, and the landowners themselves were not directly involved in this process.
d) The Sudras cultivated land mainly as slaves and agricultural laborers:
This statement is incorrect. Sudras, who were considered the lowest caste in the traditional Hindu social hierarchy, did not primarily cultivate land as slaves or agricultural laborers during the post-Gupta period. While it is true that the Sudra caste often faced social and economic disadvantages, they still had the opportunity to own and cultivate land. The Sudras were not solely confined to the role of slaves or agricultural laborers, and they could engage in agricultural activities as independent cultivators.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the incorrect statement about the agrarian economy during the post-Gupta period is option 'D'. The Sudras did not solely cultivate land as slaves and agricultural laborers; they had the opportunity to own and cultivate land independently.
Which one of the following statements about the state of agriculture in South during this period is not correct?- a)Rice was the staple crop and was used both as a unit of barter and as commercial crop when harvested in surplus.
- b)There were extensive coconut palm plantations, the produce of the tree being put to varied uses.
- c)Oil extracted from cotton and gingelly seed was in great demand.
- d)Both the palmyra and the areca palm were cultivated for local use.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about the state of agriculture in South during this period is not correct?
a)
Rice was the staple crop and was used both as a unit of barter and as commercial crop when harvested in surplus.
b)
There were extensive coconut palm plantations, the produce of the tree being put to varied uses.
c)
Oil extracted from cotton and gingelly seed was in great demand.
d)
Both the palmyra and the areca palm were cultivated for local use.
|
|
S.S Career Academy answered |
This statement is incorrect because, while both palms were indeed cultivated, the emphasis during the period in South India was more on the commercial uses of these palms rather than merely for local consumption. Both palmyra and areca palms had economic importance beyond just local use, contributing to the production of products for wider trade, especially betel nut from areca palms. Therefore, this statement does not accurately reflect their role.
Which one of the following was the basic tax during this period?- a)Bali
- b)Bhaga
- c)Hiranya
- d)Kara
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following was the basic tax during this period?
a)
Bali
b)
Bhaga
c)
Hiranya
d)
Kara
|
Om Mehra answered |
Basic Tax during this period: Bhaga
The basic tax during this period was known as Bhaga.
Explanation:
1. Bhaga:
- Bhaga was a basic tax that was prevalent during ancient times.
- It was a form of land tax where a portion of the agricultural produce was collected as tax by the ruling authority.
- The term 'Bhaga' literally means 'share' or 'portion', indicating that a share of the agricultural produce was given as tax.
- This tax was levied on the basis of the principle that the ruler or the state had a right to a portion of the agricultural output as a return for providing protection and governance.
2. Other options:
a) Bali: Bali refers to a ritualistic offering or sacrifice made by Hindus. It is not a form of tax.
c) Hiranya: Hiranya means gold in Sanskrit. It is not a form of tax.
d) Kara: Kara means tax or tribute in Sanskrit. While it is a term associated with taxation, it does not refer to the basic tax during this period.
Conclusion:
Of the given options, Bhaga was the basic tax during this period. It was a form of land tax where a portion of the agricultural produce was collected as tax by the ruling authority.
The basic tax during this period was known as Bhaga.
Explanation:
1. Bhaga:
- Bhaga was a basic tax that was prevalent during ancient times.
- It was a form of land tax where a portion of the agricultural produce was collected as tax by the ruling authority.
- The term 'Bhaga' literally means 'share' or 'portion', indicating that a share of the agricultural produce was given as tax.
- This tax was levied on the basis of the principle that the ruler or the state had a right to a portion of the agricultural output as a return for providing protection and governance.
2. Other options:
a) Bali: Bali refers to a ritualistic offering or sacrifice made by Hindus. It is not a form of tax.
c) Hiranya: Hiranya means gold in Sanskrit. It is not a form of tax.
d) Kara: Kara means tax or tribute in Sanskrit. While it is a term associated with taxation, it does not refer to the basic tax during this period.
Conclusion:
Of the given options, Bhaga was the basic tax during this period. It was a form of land tax where a portion of the agricultural produce was collected as tax by the ruling authority.
Consider the following quotation: “A person turning fallow into arable land, or cultivating a field when the owner was unable to do the same, or was dead or was unheard of, is entitled to the enjoyment of its produce (less eight part) for a period of seven or eight years”. This law was enunciated during the period of- a)Maurya
- b)Sixth century B.C.
- c) Reign of Samudragupta
- d)Late Gupta and post-Gupta
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following quotation: “A person turning fallow into arable land, or cultivating a field when the owner was unable to do the same, or was dead or was unheard of, is entitled to the enjoyment of its produce (less eight part) for a period of seven or eight years”. This law was enunciated during the period of
a)
Maurya
b)
Sixth century B.C.
c)
Reign of Samudragupta
d)
Late Gupta and post-Gupta
|
|
Disha Yadav answered |
The correct option is D.
This law was enunciated during the period of Late Gupta and post-Gupta.
This law was enunciated during the period of Late Gupta and post-Gupta.
That was malla-kara and turshka-danda?- a)Impost levied by the Central Government to deal with the menance from marauding tribes.
- b)Taxation imposed on foreigners.
- c)Public collection on foreigners.
- d)The fine imposed on those tax-payers who were found to have evaded payment of taxes.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
That was malla-kara and turshka-danda?
a)
Impost levied by the Central Government to deal with the menance from marauding tribes.
b)
Taxation imposed on foreigners.
c)
Public collection on foreigners.
d)
The fine imposed on those tax-payers who were found to have evaded payment of taxes.
|
EduRev UPSC answered |
Malla-kara and Turushka-danda were specific types of imposts or levies. Malla-kara was a tax imposed on wrestlers or men of strength (Mallas), while Turushka-danda referred to a levy imposed to deal with the threats from Turushkas or foreign marauders, often representing Turkic or Central Asian invaders. These levies were designed to raise funds for the state to tackle the danger posed by such groups and maintain defense against marauding tribes.
Which fact undermined the emergence of imperial powers in the post-Gupta period?- a)Most of the feudatories and land grantees were given the authority to maintain law and order and dispense justice.
- b)The feudatories were expected to maintain feudal levies.
- c)The feudatories were expected to supply levies to the king, whenever it was required as a matter of moral obligation.
- d)Some of the feudatories were permitted to grant land without first obtaining permission of the king.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which fact undermined the emergence of imperial powers in the post-Gupta period?
a)
Most of the feudatories and land grantees were given the authority to maintain law and order and dispense justice.
b)
The feudatories were expected to maintain feudal levies.
c)
The feudatories were expected to supply levies to the king, whenever it was required as a matter of moral obligation.
d)
Some of the feudatories were permitted to grant land without first obtaining permission of the king.
|
|
Ananya Kumari answered |
Which fact undermined the emergence of impiral power in the Gupta period
a ans
a ans
Which one of the following terms was used for the plough drivers who represented the section of field labourers?- a)Halavhaaka
- b)Karsakaka
- c)Kinasa
- d)Halika
- e)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following terms was used for the plough drivers who represented the section of field labourers?
a)
Halavhaaka
b)
Karsakaka
c)
Kinasa
d)
Halika
e)
All of the above
|
K.L Institute answered |
The terms Halavhaaka, Karsakaka, and Kinasa all refer to different categories of plough drivers or agricultural laborers. These terms were used in ancient Indian texts to describe those who were responsible for tilling the land, typically in the context of agrarian labor. Each term denoted plough drivers or those engaged in various aspects of agricultural work, such as managing the plough and preparing the fields for cultivation. Thus, all three terms are correct, and they collectively represent this category of laborers.
How did the right of sub-infeudation granted to the receipents of the land grants cause the depression of the peasantry?- a)It reduced the permanent tenants to the position of tenants-at-will.
- b)It put them at the mercy of the vassals of the landlord.
- c)It reduced their share of the produce since it now came to be shared.
- d)None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
How did the right of sub-infeudation granted to the receipents of the land grants cause the depression of the peasantry?
a)
It reduced the permanent tenants to the position of tenants-at-will.
b)
It put them at the mercy of the vassals of the landlord.
c)
It reduced their share of the produce since it now came to be shared.
d)
None of the above.
|
|
Charvi Choudhary answered |
The right of sub-infeudation granted to the recipients of the land grants caused the depression of the peasantry primarily because it reduced the permanent tenants to the position of tenants-at-will. Let's delve deeper into this issue:
1. Sub-infeudation and its impact:
- Sub-infeudation was a practice in medieval Europe where the primary landowner granted a portion of their land to another person, who in turn became a sub-tenant.
- This sub-tenant could then grant a portion of the land to another person, creating a chain of sub-tenants.
- As the practice continued, the original landowner became the overlord of all the sub-tenants in the hierarchy.
2. Reduction to tenants-at-will:
- The right of sub-infeudation led to a significant reduction in the status and security of the permanent tenants.
- Previously, these tenants held their lands as permanent tenants, giving them some stability and security.
- However, with the introduction of sub-infeudation, these tenants were reduced to tenants-at-will, meaning they could be evicted or have their rents increased at the whim of the sub-tenant or the overlord.
- This weakened their position and made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
3. Dependence on vassals:
- The sub-tenants who were granted land through sub-infeudation became the vassals of the overlord.
- The permanent tenants were now at the mercy of these vassals, who often held significant power and authority.
- The vassals could demand higher rents, impose additional obligations, or even evict the tenants to make room for their own supporters or family members.
- This further exacerbated the depression of the peasantry as they became subject to the whims and interests of the vassals.
4. Reduced share of produce:
- Another consequence of sub-infeudation was the reduction in the share of produce that the peasantry received.
- As the chain of sub-tenants grew, the produce from the land had to be shared among a larger number of people.
- This resulted in a decrease in the portion of produce that each tenant received, further worsening their economic situation.
In conclusion, the right of sub-infeudation granted to the recipients of land grants caused the depression of the peasantry primarily by reducing the permanent tenants to the position of tenants-at-will. This diminished their security, made them dependent on vassals, and reduced their share of the produce. These factors collectively contributed to the economic and social hardships faced by the peasantry during this period.
1. Sub-infeudation and its impact:
- Sub-infeudation was a practice in medieval Europe where the primary landowner granted a portion of their land to another person, who in turn became a sub-tenant.
- This sub-tenant could then grant a portion of the land to another person, creating a chain of sub-tenants.
- As the practice continued, the original landowner became the overlord of all the sub-tenants in the hierarchy.
2. Reduction to tenants-at-will:
- The right of sub-infeudation led to a significant reduction in the status and security of the permanent tenants.
- Previously, these tenants held their lands as permanent tenants, giving them some stability and security.
- However, with the introduction of sub-infeudation, these tenants were reduced to tenants-at-will, meaning they could be evicted or have their rents increased at the whim of the sub-tenant or the overlord.
- This weakened their position and made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
3. Dependence on vassals:
- The sub-tenants who were granted land through sub-infeudation became the vassals of the overlord.
- The permanent tenants were now at the mercy of these vassals, who often held significant power and authority.
- The vassals could demand higher rents, impose additional obligations, or even evict the tenants to make room for their own supporters or family members.
- This further exacerbated the depression of the peasantry as they became subject to the whims and interests of the vassals.
4. Reduced share of produce:
- Another consequence of sub-infeudation was the reduction in the share of produce that the peasantry received.
- As the chain of sub-tenants grew, the produce from the land had to be shared among a larger number of people.
- This resulted in a decrease in the portion of produce that each tenant received, further worsening their economic situation.
In conclusion, the right of sub-infeudation granted to the recipients of land grants caused the depression of the peasantry primarily by reducing the permanent tenants to the position of tenants-at-will. This diminished their security, made them dependent on vassals, and reduced their share of the produce. These factors collectively contributed to the economic and social hardships faced by the peasantry during this period.
Which one of the followiong places was famous for fragrant rice?- a)Mathura
- b)Tanjore
- c)Ujjain
- d)Magadha
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the followiong places was famous for fragrant rice?
a)
Mathura
b)
Tanjore
c)
Ujjain
d)
Magadha
|
Upsc Toppers answered |
Tanjore (Thanjavur), located in Tamil Nadu, was renowned for its production of high-quality and aromatic rice varieties, making it famous for fragrant rice. The fertile lands of the Cauvery Delta around Thanjavur contributed to this reputation, as the region was known as the "Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu" due to its abundant and high-quality rice cultivation.
Which one of the following rights associated with the land grants is true?- a)The donees paid only a fixed share of the revenue to the donor and kept the rest.
- b)The donees were given the rights to collect the revenue as well as the right to maintain law and order in the donated land.
- c)The donees could only collect land revenue.
- d)The donees were only given the right to maintain law and order in the donated villages and the revenue was collected by officials.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following rights associated with the land grants is true?
a)
The donees paid only a fixed share of the revenue to the donor and kept the rest.
b)
The donees were given the rights to collect the revenue as well as the right to maintain law and order in the donated land.
c)
The donees could only collect land revenue.
d)
The donees were only given the right to maintain law and order in the donated villages and the revenue was collected by officials.
|
|
Disha Yadav answered |
Explanation:
Land Grants in Ancient India:
- Land grants were common in ancient India, where rulers would donate land to individuals or communities as a reward or for religious purposes.
Rights associated with Land Grants:
- The donees were given the rights to collect the revenue as well as the right to maintain law and order in the donated land.
- This meant that the donees had the authority to not only collect land revenue but also ensure the maintenance of law and order within the granted territories.
Significance of the Rights:
- Giving the donees the right to collect revenue allowed them to benefit economically from the land grant.
- The authority to maintain law and order ensured that the granted territories were governed effectively and peacefully.
Overall Impact:
- These rights associated with land grants helped in the administration and development of the donated land.
- They also helped in ensuring the economic prosperity and social stability of the granted territories.
Land Grants in Ancient India:
- Land grants were common in ancient India, where rulers would donate land to individuals or communities as a reward or for religious purposes.
Rights associated with Land Grants:
- The donees were given the rights to collect the revenue as well as the right to maintain law and order in the donated land.
- This meant that the donees had the authority to not only collect land revenue but also ensure the maintenance of law and order within the granted territories.
Significance of the Rights:
- Giving the donees the right to collect revenue allowed them to benefit economically from the land grant.
- The authority to maintain law and order ensured that the granted territories were governed effectively and peacefully.
Overall Impact:
- These rights associated with land grants helped in the administration and development of the donated land.
- They also helped in ensuring the economic prosperity and social stability of the granted territories.
Consider the following statements regarding governance and society during the Gupta period:
- The Gupta Empire's administration was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy, surpassing even the Mauryan system in its scope and efficiency.
- Land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords were instrumental in transforming agricultural practices and enhancing social stratification.
- The Gupta period saw a decline in the importance of village headmen, with provincial and local administration being directly managed by central authorities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- a)Only two
- b)Only one
- c)All three
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements regarding governance and society during the Gupta period:
- The Gupta Empire's administration was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy, surpassing even the Mauryan system in its scope and efficiency.
- Land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords were instrumental in transforming agricultural practices and enhancing social stratification.
- The Gupta period saw a decline in the importance of village headmen, with provincial and local administration being directly managed by central authorities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a)
Only two
b)
Only one
c)
All three
d)
None
|
|
Sneha Choudhary answered |
Correct Statement Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'B' (Only one). Let's analyze each statement:
The Gupta Empires administration was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy, surpassing even the Mauryan system in its scope and efficiency:
While the Gupta Empire did have a centralized administrative system, it did not surpass the Mauryan system in scope and efficiency. The Mauryan Empire, under rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, had a highly organized bureaucracy with a vast network of officials. The Gupta administration was more decentralized, with greater power given to local rulers and officials.
Land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords were instrumental in transforming agricultural practices and enhancing social stratification:
This statement is correct. During the Gupta period, land grants were given to Brahmins and priests, leading to the rise of priestly landlords. This practice did transform agricultural practices as these landlords played a significant role in managing land and resources. It also contributed to social stratification by consolidating power and wealth in the hands of the priestly class.
The Gupta period saw a decline in the importance of village headmen, with provincial and local administration being directly managed by central authorities:
This statement is incorrect. In fact, during the Gupta period, village headmen continued to play a crucial role in local administration. They acted as intermediaries between the central authorities and the local population, overseeing day-to-day governance and resolving disputes within the villages. Centralized control was not as pronounced as this statement suggests.
Therefore, only one of the statements provided is correct, which is the second statement about land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords.
The correct answer is option 'B' (Only one). Let's analyze each statement:
The Gupta Empires administration was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy, surpassing even the Mauryan system in its scope and efficiency:
While the Gupta Empire did have a centralized administrative system, it did not surpass the Mauryan system in scope and efficiency. The Mauryan Empire, under rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, had a highly organized bureaucracy with a vast network of officials. The Gupta administration was more decentralized, with greater power given to local rulers and officials.
Land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords were instrumental in transforming agricultural practices and enhancing social stratification:
This statement is correct. During the Gupta period, land grants were given to Brahmins and priests, leading to the rise of priestly landlords. This practice did transform agricultural practices as these landlords played a significant role in managing land and resources. It also contributed to social stratification by consolidating power and wealth in the hands of the priestly class.
The Gupta period saw a decline in the importance of village headmen, with provincial and local administration being directly managed by central authorities:
This statement is incorrect. In fact, during the Gupta period, village headmen continued to play a crucial role in local administration. They acted as intermediaries between the central authorities and the local population, overseeing day-to-day governance and resolving disputes within the villages. Centralized control was not as pronounced as this statement suggests.
Therefore, only one of the statements provided is correct, which is the second statement about land grants to priests and the rise of priestly landlords.
Consider the following statements about society during the Gupta period: - The Gupta era saw the proliferation of castes into numerous sub-castes due to the assimilation of foreigners and tribal communities into Hinduism.
- Untouchables, referred to as "chandalas ", experienced a significant increase in population and lived outside the village, dealing primarily in meat and leather.
- The position of women and shudras improved marginally, with both groups being allowed to listen to Puranas and worship Krishna.
How many of the statements given above are correct?- a)Only one
- b)Only two
- c)All three
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements about society during the Gupta period:
- The Gupta era saw the proliferation of castes into numerous sub-castes due to the assimilation of foreigners and tribal communities into Hinduism.
- Untouchables, referred to as "chandalas ", experienced a significant increase in population and lived outside the village, dealing primarily in meat and leather.
- The position of women and shudras improved marginally, with both groups being allowed to listen to Puranas and worship Krishna.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a)
Only one
b)
Only two
c)
All three
d)
None
|
Devansh Datta answered |
Correct Statements about Society during the Gupta Period:
- Statement 1: The Gupta era saw the proliferation of castes into numerous sub-castes due to the assimilation of foreigners and tribal communities into Hinduism.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as during the Gupta period, the caste system became more complex with the assimilation of various groups into Hindu society, leading to the formation of numerous sub-castes.
- Statement 2: Untouchables, referred to as "chandalas", experienced a significant increase in population and lived outside the village, dealing primarily in meat and leather.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as the untouchables, known as "chandalas" during the Gupta period, faced social discrimination and were often relegated to living outside the village and working in occupations like dealing with meat and leather.
- Statement 3: The position of women and shudras improved marginally, with both groups being allowed to listen to Puranas and worship Krishna.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as there were some improvements in the status of women and shudras during the Gupta period, with both groups gaining some access to religious texts like the Puranas and being able to worship deities like Krishna.
Therefore, all three statements provided about society during the Gupta period are correct. The period saw changes in the caste system, the plight of untouchables, and some marginal improvements in the status of women and shudras.
- Statement 1: The Gupta era saw the proliferation of castes into numerous sub-castes due to the assimilation of foreigners and tribal communities into Hinduism.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as during the Gupta period, the caste system became more complex with the assimilation of various groups into Hindu society, leading to the formation of numerous sub-castes.
- Statement 2: Untouchables, referred to as "chandalas", experienced a significant increase in population and lived outside the village, dealing primarily in meat and leather.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as the untouchables, known as "chandalas" during the Gupta period, faced social discrimination and were often relegated to living outside the village and working in occupations like dealing with meat and leather.
- Statement 3: The position of women and shudras improved marginally, with both groups being allowed to listen to Puranas and worship Krishna.
- Explanation: This statement is correct as there were some improvements in the status of women and shudras during the Gupta period, with both groups gaining some access to religious texts like the Puranas and being able to worship deities like Krishna.
Therefore, all three statements provided about society during the Gupta period are correct. The period saw changes in the caste system, the plight of untouchables, and some marginal improvements in the status of women and shudras.
Which point relating to the agrarian system in the post-Gupta era is not correct?- a)The whole land was held by feudatories.
- b)The relationship between the land owner and the village authorities varied.
- c)For making assessment easy, village were grouped into units of 10 in the Deccan kingdoms and into 12 or 16 or multiples thereof in the Northern region.
- d)The powers and duties of the royal officers vis-a-vis the feudatories were clearly defined and observed.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which point relating to the agrarian system in the post-Gupta era is not correct?
a)
The whole land was held by feudatories.
b)
The relationship between the land owner and the village authorities varied.
c)
For making assessment easy, village were grouped into units of 10 in the Deccan kingdoms and into 12 or 16 or multiples thereof in the Northern region.
d)
The powers and duties of the royal officers vis-a-vis the feudatories were clearly defined and observed.
|
|
Manasa Pillai answered |
The correct answer is option 'A': The whole land was held by feudatories.
Explanation:
The agrarian system in the post-Gupta era was characterized by various changes and developments. However, the statement that the whole land was held by feudatories is not correct. Let's understand why.
1. Feudatory System:
- The post-Gupta era witnessed the rise of regional powers and the decentralization of authority. Feudatories, also known as local chiefs or landlords, emerged as powerful regional rulers.
- These feudatories held significant control over certain territories or regions but did not have control over the entire land or the entire agrarian system.
- The extent of control and authority of the feudatories varied across different regions and kingdoms.
2. Relationship between Landowners and Village Authorities:
- In the post-Gupta era, the relationship between landowners and village authorities was complex and varied.
- The village authorities, such as the headman or the village council, played a crucial role in the administration and management of land and resources.
- The landowners, including the feudatories, had to interact and negotiate with the village authorities to collect revenue, resolve disputes, and maintain law and order.
- The nature of this relationship varied depending on the specific region and the power dynamics between the landowners and the village authorities.
3. Assessment and Revenue Collection:
- The agrarian system during this period involved the assessment and collection of revenue from the land.
- To make the assessment process easier, villages were grouped into units in different regions. For example, in the Deccan kingdoms, villages were grouped into units of 10, while in the Northern region, the grouping was done into 12 or 16 or multiples thereof.
- These units helped in streamlining the revenue collection process and facilitated efficient administration.
4. Powers and Duties of Royal Officers:
- The powers and duties of the royal officers in relation to the feudatories were not always clearly defined and observed.
- The decentralization of authority and the rise of regional powers often led to conflicts and power struggles between the royal officers and the feudatories.
- The extent of control and influence of the royal officers varied across different regions and kingdoms.
In conclusion, the agrarian system in the post-Gupta era was characterized by the rise of regional powers, the complex relationship between landowners and village authorities, the grouping of villages for assessment purposes, and the varying powers and duties of royal officers. However, the statement that the whole land was held by feudatories is not correct.
Explanation:
The agrarian system in the post-Gupta era was characterized by various changes and developments. However, the statement that the whole land was held by feudatories is not correct. Let's understand why.
1. Feudatory System:
- The post-Gupta era witnessed the rise of regional powers and the decentralization of authority. Feudatories, also known as local chiefs or landlords, emerged as powerful regional rulers.
- These feudatories held significant control over certain territories or regions but did not have control over the entire land or the entire agrarian system.
- The extent of control and authority of the feudatories varied across different regions and kingdoms.
2. Relationship between Landowners and Village Authorities:
- In the post-Gupta era, the relationship between landowners and village authorities was complex and varied.
- The village authorities, such as the headman or the village council, played a crucial role in the administration and management of land and resources.
- The landowners, including the feudatories, had to interact and negotiate with the village authorities to collect revenue, resolve disputes, and maintain law and order.
- The nature of this relationship varied depending on the specific region and the power dynamics between the landowners and the village authorities.
3. Assessment and Revenue Collection:
- The agrarian system during this period involved the assessment and collection of revenue from the land.
- To make the assessment process easier, villages were grouped into units in different regions. For example, in the Deccan kingdoms, villages were grouped into units of 10, while in the Northern region, the grouping was done into 12 or 16 or multiples thereof.
- These units helped in streamlining the revenue collection process and facilitated efficient administration.
4. Powers and Duties of Royal Officers:
- The powers and duties of the royal officers in relation to the feudatories were not always clearly defined and observed.
- The decentralization of authority and the rise of regional powers often led to conflicts and power struggles between the royal officers and the feudatories.
- The extent of control and influence of the royal officers varied across different regions and kingdoms.
In conclusion, the agrarian system in the post-Gupta era was characterized by the rise of regional powers, the complex relationship between landowners and village authorities, the grouping of villages for assessment purposes, and the varying powers and duties of royal officers. However, the statement that the whole land was held by feudatories is not correct.
Which of the following features can not be associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period?- a)Sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land.
- b)Increase tenancy rights of the peasantry.
- c)Imposition of forced labour.
- d)Temple also collected additional dues.
- e)Increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants.
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following features can not be associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period?
a)
Sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land.
b)
Increase tenancy rights of the peasantry.
c)
Imposition of forced labour.
d)
Temple also collected additional dues.
e)
Increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants.
|
Ipsita Choudhary answered |
Explanation:
The agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period refers to the organization and functioning of the agricultural system during this time. It involved various features and changes that impacted the lives of the peasantry and the overall economy.
Sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land:
- The post-Gupta period witnessed the practice of sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land.
- Under this system, the land was divided into smaller units and given to individuals who would then further lease or sub-lease it to others.
- This led to the fragmentation of land and the emergence of a complex network of landowners, tenants, and sub-tenants.
Increase in tenancy rights of the peasantry:
- During this period, there was an increase in the rights of the peasantry, especially the tenants.
- They were granted more security of tenure and were allowed to transfer their rights to others.
- This provided some level of stability and security to the peasantry.
Imposition of forced labour:
- Forced labor was an important feature of the agrarian structure during the post-Gupta period.
- The ruling elites, including the state and the temple authorities, often imposed forced labor on the peasantry.
- The peasantry was required to work on public works projects, maintain irrigation systems, and contribute labor to the temple.
Temple also collected additional dues:
- The temple played a significant role in the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period.
- Apart from collecting religious offerings, the temple also collected additional dues from the peasantry.
- These dues included taxes, fees, and various forms of contributions.
Increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants:
- This feature is not associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period.
- The period witnessed a decline in the mobility of artisans and peasants due to various factors such as the emergence of feudalism, the fragmentation of land, and the imposition of forced labor.
- The peasants were tied to the land and had limited opportunities for mobility.
Conclusion:
Thus, among the given options, the feature that cannot be associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period is the increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants.
The agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period refers to the organization and functioning of the agricultural system during this time. It involved various features and changes that impacted the lives of the peasantry and the overall economy.
Sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land:
- The post-Gupta period witnessed the practice of sub-infeudation and sub-leasing of land.
- Under this system, the land was divided into smaller units and given to individuals who would then further lease or sub-lease it to others.
- This led to the fragmentation of land and the emergence of a complex network of landowners, tenants, and sub-tenants.
Increase in tenancy rights of the peasantry:
- During this period, there was an increase in the rights of the peasantry, especially the tenants.
- They were granted more security of tenure and were allowed to transfer their rights to others.
- This provided some level of stability and security to the peasantry.
Imposition of forced labour:
- Forced labor was an important feature of the agrarian structure during the post-Gupta period.
- The ruling elites, including the state and the temple authorities, often imposed forced labor on the peasantry.
- The peasantry was required to work on public works projects, maintain irrigation systems, and contribute labor to the temple.
Temple also collected additional dues:
- The temple played a significant role in the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period.
- Apart from collecting religious offerings, the temple also collected additional dues from the peasantry.
- These dues included taxes, fees, and various forms of contributions.
Increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants:
- This feature is not associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period.
- The period witnessed a decline in the mobility of artisans and peasants due to various factors such as the emergence of feudalism, the fragmentation of land, and the imposition of forced labor.
- The peasants were tied to the land and had limited opportunities for mobility.
Conclusion:
Thus, among the given options, the feature that cannot be associated with the agrarian structure of the post-Gupta period is the increase in the mobility of artisans and peasants.
Consider the following statements: - The judicial system during the Gupta period was more developed than in earlier times, with clear demarcation between civil and criminal law.
- Guilds of artisans and merchants were governed by state laws rather than their own.
- Kings tried cases with the help of Brahmanas, reflecting the influence of the varna system on judicial processes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?- a)Only one
- b)Only two
- c)All three
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements:
- The judicial system during the Gupta period was more developed than in earlier times, with clear demarcation between civil and criminal law.
- Guilds of artisans and merchants were governed by state laws rather than their own.
- Kings tried cases with the help of Brahmanas, reflecting the influence of the varna system on judicial processes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a)
Only one
b)
Only two
c)
All three
d)
None
|
Baishali Patel answered |
Analysis of the Statements
To determine the correctness of the statements about the judicial system during the Gupta period, let’s examine each statement individually.
Statement 1: Judicial System Development
- The judicial system during the Gupta period was indeed more developed than in earlier times.
- There was a clearer demarcation between civil and criminal law, indicating an evolution in legal practices.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Statement 2: Guilds and State Laws
- Guilds of artisans and merchants often operated under their own regulations and customs.
- While the state had laws, guilds maintained a degree of autonomy in their internal affairs.
- Conclusion: This statement is incorrect.
Statement 3: Kings and Brahmanas in Judicial Processes
- Kings did indeed try cases with the assistance of Brahmanas, which reflects the influence of the varna system.
- Brahmanas, as learned individuals, played a significant role in legal proceedings, advising kings on matters of law and morality.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Final Assessment
- Out of the three statements, two are correct (Statements 1 and 3).
- Therefore, the answer is option B: Only two statements are correct.
This analysis indicates that while the Gupta judicial system was advanced and influenced by Brahmanas, guilds maintained their own governing structures, operating independently of state laws.
To determine the correctness of the statements about the judicial system during the Gupta period, let’s examine each statement individually.
Statement 1: Judicial System Development
- The judicial system during the Gupta period was indeed more developed than in earlier times.
- There was a clearer demarcation between civil and criminal law, indicating an evolution in legal practices.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Statement 2: Guilds and State Laws
- Guilds of artisans and merchants often operated under their own regulations and customs.
- While the state had laws, guilds maintained a degree of autonomy in their internal affairs.
- Conclusion: This statement is incorrect.
Statement 3: Kings and Brahmanas in Judicial Processes
- Kings did indeed try cases with the assistance of Brahmanas, which reflects the influence of the varna system.
- Brahmanas, as learned individuals, played a significant role in legal proceedings, advising kings on matters of law and morality.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Final Assessment
- Out of the three statements, two are correct (Statements 1 and 3).
- Therefore, the answer is option B: Only two statements are correct.
This analysis indicates that while the Gupta judicial system was advanced and influenced by Brahmanas, guilds maintained their own governing structures, operating independently of state laws.
The practice of land grants originated in the- a)Later Vedic period
- b)Mauryan period
- c)Kushan period
- d)Satavahana period
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The practice of land grants originated in the
a)
Later Vedic period
b)
Mauryan period
c)
Kushan period
d)
Satavahana period
|
|
Sounak Menon answered |
The practice of land grants originated in the Satavahana period.
Explanation:
The Satavahana dynasty ruled over a significant part of the Indian subcontinent from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. They were known for their administrative and political innovations, one of which was the practice of land grants.
The land grants were essentially the transfer of land ownership from the king or the state to individuals or institutions. These grants were given to various individuals, including nobles, officials, religious institutions, and sometimes even common people. This practice was a way for the rulers to reward and honor their loyal supporters and to maintain social harmony.
The land grants were usually made in the form of written inscriptions on stone pillars or copper plates. These inscriptions contained details about the grant, including the name of the recipient, the extent of the land, the rights and privileges associated with it, and any conditions or obligations attached to the grant.
The land grants played a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the region. They provided security of tenure to the recipients, allowing them to cultivate the land and enjoy the benefits of their labor. In return, the recipients were expected to pay taxes or provide certain services to the state.
The land grants also had religious and cultural significance. Many of the grants were made to religious institutions such as temples and monasteries, which played a vital role in the society. These grants helped in the maintenance and expansion of these institutions and supported the religious activities they undertook.
The practice of land grants continued even after the Satavahana period and was adopted by subsequent dynasties such as the Gupta, Chola, and Vijayanagara empires. It played a significant role in shaping the agrarian economy and the social structure of ancient India.
In conclusion, the practice of land grants originated in the Satavahana period and continued to be an essential aspect of governance and social structure in ancient India.
Explanation:
The Satavahana dynasty ruled over a significant part of the Indian subcontinent from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. They were known for their administrative and political innovations, one of which was the practice of land grants.
The land grants were essentially the transfer of land ownership from the king or the state to individuals or institutions. These grants were given to various individuals, including nobles, officials, religious institutions, and sometimes even common people. This practice was a way for the rulers to reward and honor their loyal supporters and to maintain social harmony.
The land grants were usually made in the form of written inscriptions on stone pillars or copper plates. These inscriptions contained details about the grant, including the name of the recipient, the extent of the land, the rights and privileges associated with it, and any conditions or obligations attached to the grant.
The land grants played a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the region. They provided security of tenure to the recipients, allowing them to cultivate the land and enjoy the benefits of their labor. In return, the recipients were expected to pay taxes or provide certain services to the state.
The land grants also had religious and cultural significance. Many of the grants were made to religious institutions such as temples and monasteries, which played a vital role in the society. These grants helped in the maintenance and expansion of these institutions and supported the religious activities they undertook.
The practice of land grants continued even after the Satavahana period and was adopted by subsequent dynasties such as the Gupta, Chola, and Vijayanagara empires. It played a significant role in shaping the agrarian economy and the social structure of ancient India.
In conclusion, the practice of land grants originated in the Satavahana period and continued to be an essential aspect of governance and social structure in ancient India.
In the post-Gupta period when villages were granted in the tribal areas, the agriculturists were placed under the control of- a)Village headman
- b)The tribal chief
- c)Royal officials
- d)The religious beneficiaries
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
In the post-Gupta period when villages were granted in the tribal areas, the agriculturists were placed under the control of
a)
Village headman
b)
The tribal chief
c)
Royal officials
d)
The religious beneficiaries
|
|
Megha Kumar answered |
Religious Beneficiaries as Controllers of Agriculturists in Post-Gupta Period
In the post-Gupta period, when villages were granted in the tribal areas, the agriculturists were placed under the control of the religious beneficiaries. This was a significant development in the history of Indian society and had a profound impact on the social and economic life of the people.
Role of Religious Beneficiaries
The religious beneficiaries were the Brahmins and Buddhists who were given land grants by the kings and nobles. These grants were made in recognition of the services they had rendered to the state in the fields of religion, education, and culture. The beneficiaries were expected to use the land for the betterment of society and to promote the welfare of the people.
Control over Agriculturists
The religious beneficiaries exercised control over the agriculturists in several ways. They acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the state, collecting taxes, and maintaining law and order. They also provided religious and cultural guidance to the people, promoting the values of piety, charity, and righteousness.
Impact on Society
The control of the religious beneficiaries over the agriculturists had a significant impact on the social and economic life of the people. It helped to promote the spread of education, religion, and culture, which contributed to the development of a more enlightened and progressive society. It also helped to maintain social order and stability, preventing the emergence of social conflicts and unrest.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the control of the religious beneficiaries over the agriculturists in the post-Gupta period was a significant development in the history of Indian society. It helped to promote the values of piety, charity, and righteousness, and contributed to the development of a more enlightened and progressive society.
In the post-Gupta period, when villages were granted in the tribal areas, the agriculturists were placed under the control of the religious beneficiaries. This was a significant development in the history of Indian society and had a profound impact on the social and economic life of the people.
Role of Religious Beneficiaries
The religious beneficiaries were the Brahmins and Buddhists who were given land grants by the kings and nobles. These grants were made in recognition of the services they had rendered to the state in the fields of religion, education, and culture. The beneficiaries were expected to use the land for the betterment of society and to promote the welfare of the people.
Control over Agriculturists
The religious beneficiaries exercised control over the agriculturists in several ways. They acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the state, collecting taxes, and maintaining law and order. They also provided religious and cultural guidance to the people, promoting the values of piety, charity, and righteousness.
Impact on Society
The control of the religious beneficiaries over the agriculturists had a significant impact on the social and economic life of the people. It helped to promote the spread of education, religion, and culture, which contributed to the development of a more enlightened and progressive society. It also helped to maintain social order and stability, preventing the emergence of social conflicts and unrest.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the control of the religious beneficiaries over the agriculturists in the post-Gupta period was a significant development in the history of Indian society. It helped to promote the values of piety, charity, and righteousness, and contributed to the development of a more enlightened and progressive society.
Consider the following statements regarding the Gupta period's administration:
- The bureaucracy was more elaborate than during the Maurya era due to the extensive use of feudatories in administration.
- Kumaramatyas were officials appointed by the king in the home provinces, signifying central control over administrative functions.
- The state interfered extensively in the economy, similar to the Mauryan administration.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- a)None
- b)Only two
- c)All three
- d)Only one
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements regarding the Gupta period's administration:
- The bureaucracy was more elaborate than during the Maurya era due to the extensive use of feudatories in administration.
- Kumaramatyas were officials appointed by the king in the home provinces, signifying central control over administrative functions.
- The state interfered extensively in the economy, similar to the Mauryan administration.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a)
None
b)
Only two
c)
All three
d)
Only one
|
|
Sai Sengupta answered |
Explanation:
Statement Analysis:
- The first statement is incorrect. The bureaucracy during the Gupta period was not more elaborate than during the Maurya era. The Mauryan administration was known for its highly organized and centralized bureaucracy, while the Gupta administration relied more on local governance and feudatories.
- The second statement is incorrect. Kumaramatyas were not officials appointed by the king in the home provinces. They were actually local officers responsible for revenue collection and administration in the villages, indicating a decentralized system of governance.
- The third statement is incorrect. The state did not interfere extensively in the economy during the Gupta period. Unlike the Mauryan administration, the Guptas followed a more laissez-faire approach towards the economy, allowing for greater economic freedom and growth.
Therefore, none of the statements given above are correct. The Gupta administration was characterized by a decentralized system of governance, with a focus on local administration and less state interference in the economy.
Statement Analysis:
- The first statement is incorrect. The bureaucracy during the Gupta period was not more elaborate than during the Maurya era. The Mauryan administration was known for its highly organized and centralized bureaucracy, while the Gupta administration relied more on local governance and feudatories.
- The second statement is incorrect. Kumaramatyas were not officials appointed by the king in the home provinces. They were actually local officers responsible for revenue collection and administration in the villages, indicating a decentralized system of governance.
- The third statement is incorrect. The state did not interfere extensively in the economy during the Gupta period. Unlike the Mauryan administration, the Guptas followed a more laissez-faire approach towards the economy, allowing for greater economic freedom and growth.
Therefore, none of the statements given above are correct. The Gupta administration was characterized by a decentralized system of governance, with a focus on local administration and less state interference in the economy.
Which one of the following statements about the land given as salary is not correct?- a)The owner had a right to collect as much as a third or half of the produce.
- b)The donee acquired complete rights over the land.
- c)In the early stages this grant was less frequent than the agrahara , but in later centuries it became usual.
- d)It was not given for military services which was paid in terms of cash salaries.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about the land given as salary is not correct?
a)
The owner had a right to collect as much as a third or half of the produce.
b)
The donee acquired complete rights over the land.
c)
In the early stages this grant was less frequent than the agrahara , but in later centuries it became usual.
d)
It was not given for military services which was paid in terms of cash salaries.
|
|
Disha Bose answered |
Explanation:
Complete Rights Over the Land:
- The statement that the donee acquired complete rights over the land is not correct.
- In the case of land given as salary, the owner (grantor) retained certain rights over the land even after granting it to the donee (grantee).
- The owner had the right to collect a portion of the produce from the land, typically around a third or half of the total produce.
Comparison with Agrahara:
- In the early stages, the grant of land as salary was less common compared to agrahara grants.
- Agrahara grants were more prevalent in the initial stages, but over time, the grant of land as salary became a common practice.
Payment for Military Services:
- It is true that land grants as salary were typically not given in exchange for military services.
- Military services were usually compensated with cash salaries rather than land grants.
Conclusion:
- The key distinction to remember is that while the donee of land as salary did have certain rights over the land, the owner retained the right to collect a portion of the produce. This sets it apart from the notion of complete ownership or control by the donee.
Complete Rights Over the Land:
- The statement that the donee acquired complete rights over the land is not correct.
- In the case of land given as salary, the owner (grantor) retained certain rights over the land even after granting it to the donee (grantee).
- The owner had the right to collect a portion of the produce from the land, typically around a third or half of the total produce.
Comparison with Agrahara:
- In the early stages, the grant of land as salary was less common compared to agrahara grants.
- Agrahara grants were more prevalent in the initial stages, but over time, the grant of land as salary became a common practice.
Payment for Military Services:
- It is true that land grants as salary were typically not given in exchange for military services.
- Military services were usually compensated with cash salaries rather than land grants.
Conclusion:
- The key distinction to remember is that while the donee of land as salary did have certain rights over the land, the owner retained the right to collect a portion of the produce. This sets it apart from the notion of complete ownership or control by the donee.
Land grants became frequent in India from the- a)Ist Century A.D.
- b)3rd Century A.D.
- c)4th Century A.D.
- d)5th Century A.D.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Land grants became frequent in India from the
a)
Ist Century A.D.
b)
3rd Century A.D.
c)
4th Century A.D.
d)
5th Century A.D.
|
Debanshi Menon answered |
Land Grants in India
Land grants were an important feature of Indian society, particularly during the medieval period. For centuries, Indian rulers granted land to various individuals and institutions, such as Brahmins, temples, and soldiers. These grants played a significant role in the social, economic, and political development of India.
Land grants became frequent in India from the 5th century A.D. During this time, many powerful empires, such as the Gupta and the Chalukya, were in power. These empires recognized the importance of land grants and used them to maintain their power and influence.
There were several types of land grants in India, including:
Land grants played a crucial role in the development of Indian society. They helped to:
Land grants continued to be an important part of Indian society throughout the medieval period and beyond. Many of the institutions and individuals that received land grants became wealthy and influential, and their legacy can still be seen in India today.
Land grants played a crucial role in the development of Indian society. They helped to create a class of wealthy landowners, encouraged the growth of agriculture and trade, and supported the development of religious institutions. While land grants are no longer as prevalent in India today, their legacy can still be seen in the country's social, economic, and political systems.
Introduction
Land grants were an important feature of Indian society, particularly during the medieval period. For centuries, Indian rulers granted land to various individuals and institutions, such as Brahmins, temples, and soldiers. These grants played a significant role in the social, economic, and political development of India.
The Rise of Land Grants
Land grants became frequent in India from the 5th century A.D. During this time, many powerful empires, such as the Gupta and the Chalukya, were in power. These empires recognized the importance of land grants and used them to maintain their power and influence.
Types of Land Grants
There were several types of land grants in India, including:
- Agraharas: These were grants of land given to Brahmins for their support and maintenance.
- Devadanas: These were grants of land given to temples and other religious institutions.
- Bhogavritti: These were grants of land given to soldiers and other officials for their service to the state.
The Importance of Land Grants
Land grants played a crucial role in the development of Indian society. They helped to:
- Create a class of wealthy landowners who could provide financial support to the state
- Encourage the growth of agriculture and trade
- Support the development of religious institutions, such as temples and monasteries
The Legacy of Land Grants
Land grants continued to be an important part of Indian society throughout the medieval period and beyond. Many of the institutions and individuals that received land grants became wealthy and influential, and their legacy can still be seen in India today.
Conclusion
Land grants played a crucial role in the development of Indian society. They helped to create a class of wealthy landowners, encouraged the growth of agriculture and trade, and supported the development of religious institutions. While land grants are no longer as prevalent in India today, their legacy can still be seen in the country's social, economic, and political systems.
Which fact relating to the Agrarian system in post-Gupta period caused misery both to the king and the peasant?- a)The right of collecting revenue became proprietory and hereditary lending to the feudatories disposing of both revenue and land.
- b)A large number of sub-feudatories came into existence.
- c)Although the feudatories were supposed to get revenue from land for life, they gradually appropriated proprietory rights.
- d)Neither the king nor the feudatories invested money in crafts or trade.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which fact relating to the Agrarian system in post-Gupta period caused misery both to the king and the peasant?
a)
The right of collecting revenue became proprietory and hereditary lending to the feudatories disposing of both revenue and land.
b)
A large number of sub-feudatories came into existence.
c)
Although the feudatories were supposed to get revenue from land for life, they gradually appropriated proprietory rights.
d)
Neither the king nor the feudatories invested money in crafts or trade.
|
|
Disha Roy answered |
The correct answer is option 'A': The right of collecting revenue became proprietary and hereditary, leading to the feudatories disposing of both revenue and land.
Explanation:
The Agrarian system in the post-Gupta period witnessed significant changes that caused misery to both the king and the peasant. One of the key factors that contributed to this misery was the transformation of the revenue collection system.
1. Proprietary and Hereditary Rights:
- In the post-Gupta period, the right of collecting revenue from land became proprietary and hereditary. This means that the feudal lords or feudatories, who were initially appointed by the king to collect revenue, gradually gained ownership of the land and revenue.
- As a result, the feudatories not only collected revenue but also disposed of the land, leading to the concentration of power and wealth in their hands.
- This change in the system caused misery to both the king and the peasant.
2. Feudatories' Disposal of Revenue and Land:
- With the revenue collection becoming hereditary, the feudatories started treating the land and revenue as their own property rather than a duty assigned by the king.
- They began exploiting the peasants by imposing heavy taxes and extracting maximum revenue from the land.
- The feudatories also started disposing of the land to their allies or family members, further consolidating their power and control over the agrarian system.
- This led to the exploitation of the peasants, who had to bear the burden of excessive taxation and arbitrary decisions by the feudatories.
Impact on the King and the Peasants:
- The transformation of the revenue collection system caused misery to the king as he lost control over the revenue and land, resulting in a weakening of the central authority.
- The king became dependent on the feudatories for revenue, which often led to conflicts and disputes between the two parties.
- The peasants suffered immensely as they were subjected to exploitation, heavy taxes, and arbitrary decisions by the feudatories.
- The concentration of power in the hands of the feudatories and the dispossession of land led to social and economic inequalities, exacerbating the misery of the peasants.
In conclusion, the fact that the right of collecting revenue became proprietary and hereditary was a significant factor that caused misery to both the king and the peasant in the post-Gupta period.
Explanation:
The Agrarian system in the post-Gupta period witnessed significant changes that caused misery to both the king and the peasant. One of the key factors that contributed to this misery was the transformation of the revenue collection system.
1. Proprietary and Hereditary Rights:
- In the post-Gupta period, the right of collecting revenue from land became proprietary and hereditary. This means that the feudal lords or feudatories, who were initially appointed by the king to collect revenue, gradually gained ownership of the land and revenue.
- As a result, the feudatories not only collected revenue but also disposed of the land, leading to the concentration of power and wealth in their hands.
- This change in the system caused misery to both the king and the peasant.
2. Feudatories' Disposal of Revenue and Land:
- With the revenue collection becoming hereditary, the feudatories started treating the land and revenue as their own property rather than a duty assigned by the king.
- They began exploiting the peasants by imposing heavy taxes and extracting maximum revenue from the land.
- The feudatories also started disposing of the land to their allies or family members, further consolidating their power and control over the agrarian system.
- This led to the exploitation of the peasants, who had to bear the burden of excessive taxation and arbitrary decisions by the feudatories.
Impact on the King and the Peasants:
- The transformation of the revenue collection system caused misery to the king as he lost control over the revenue and land, resulting in a weakening of the central authority.
- The king became dependent on the feudatories for revenue, which often led to conflicts and disputes between the two parties.
- The peasants suffered immensely as they were subjected to exploitation, heavy taxes, and arbitrary decisions by the feudatories.
- The concentration of power in the hands of the feudatories and the dispossession of land led to social and economic inequalities, exacerbating the misery of the peasants.
In conclusion, the fact that the right of collecting revenue became proprietary and hereditary was a significant factor that caused misery to both the king and the peasant in the post-Gupta period.
Which one of the following statements about the land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas is not true?- a)The royal successors are asked to maintain the terms and conditions of the grant.
- b)There is no evidence to suggest that the donor directed the donees not to harass the peasants of the donated villages.
- c)The villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages.
- d)The villagers were asked by the donors to pay all dues and carry out the donees.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about the land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas is not true?
a)
The royal successors are asked to maintain the terms and conditions of the grant.
b)
There is no evidence to suggest that the donor directed the donees not to harass the peasants of the donated villages.
c)
The villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages.
d)
The villagers were asked by the donors to pay all dues and carry out the donees.
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Kavya Nair answered |
Background:
The Palas and Pratiharas were two prominent dynasties that ruled over different regions of medieval India. During their reign, they granted land to various individuals, temples, and institutions as a means of maintaining social and economic stability in their territories. These land grants were accompanied by certain terms and conditions that the recipients were expected to adhere to.
Explanation:
The statement that is not true is option C, which states that the villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages. This statement is incorrect because the land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas were primarily aimed at providing economic benefits to the recipients and ensuring revenue collection for the rulers. The donors did not intend for the villagers to have direct access to the king for resolving disputes or grievances related to the peasants of the donated villages.
Reasons for Incorrectness:
There are several reasons why option C is not true:
1. Lack of Historical Evidence: There is no historical evidence to suggest that the villagers had the right to appeal directly to the king against the peasants of the donated villages. The land grants were primarily concerned with revenue collection and maintaining social order, rather than providing a platform for the villagers to seek justice from the king.
2. Limited Authority of the Villagers: The villagers were not given administrative or judicial powers over the peasants of the donated villages. Their role was mainly restricted to paying dues and carrying out the orders of the donees (recipients of the land grants). They did not have the authority to interfere in the internal affairs of the donated villages or to seek redressal from the king.
3. Centralized Control: The Palas and Pratiharas exercised centralized control over their territories, and the administration was primarily based on a hierarchical system. The king or the ruler was the ultimate authority, and any disputes or grievances were expected to be resolved through the existing administrative channels, rather than through direct appeals from the villagers.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the statement that the villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages is not true. The land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas were primarily concerned with revenue collection and maintaining social order, and the villagers did not have the right to appeal directly to the king for resolving disputes or grievances related to the peasants of the donated villages.
The Palas and Pratiharas were two prominent dynasties that ruled over different regions of medieval India. During their reign, they granted land to various individuals, temples, and institutions as a means of maintaining social and economic stability in their territories. These land grants were accompanied by certain terms and conditions that the recipients were expected to adhere to.
Explanation:
The statement that is not true is option C, which states that the villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages. This statement is incorrect because the land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas were primarily aimed at providing economic benefits to the recipients and ensuring revenue collection for the rulers. The donors did not intend for the villagers to have direct access to the king for resolving disputes or grievances related to the peasants of the donated villages.
Reasons for Incorrectness:
There are several reasons why option C is not true:
1. Lack of Historical Evidence: There is no historical evidence to suggest that the villagers had the right to appeal directly to the king against the peasants of the donated villages. The land grants were primarily concerned with revenue collection and maintaining social order, rather than providing a platform for the villagers to seek justice from the king.
2. Limited Authority of the Villagers: The villagers were not given administrative or judicial powers over the peasants of the donated villages. Their role was mainly restricted to paying dues and carrying out the orders of the donees (recipients of the land grants). They did not have the authority to interfere in the internal affairs of the donated villages or to seek redressal from the king.
3. Centralized Control: The Palas and Pratiharas exercised centralized control over their territories, and the administration was primarily based on a hierarchical system. The king or the ruler was the ultimate authority, and any disputes or grievances were expected to be resolved through the existing administrative channels, rather than through direct appeals from the villagers.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the statement that the villagers could appeal to the king against the peasants of the donated villages is not true. The land grants made by the Palas and Pratiharas were primarily concerned with revenue collection and maintaining social order, and the villagers did not have the right to appeal directly to the king for resolving disputes or grievances related to the peasants of the donated villages.
Which one of the following made the life of the peasant most miserable in the post-Gupta period?- a)On occasions the peasants were made to provide free labour.
- b)The feudatories even appropriated the common lands of the villages.
- c)There was a proliferation of intermediaries between the king and the peasants.
- d)The peasants paid various taxes like temple tax, and tax on goods produced besides land revenue.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following made the life of the peasant most miserable in the post-Gupta period?
a)
On occasions the peasants were made to provide free labour.
b)
The feudatories even appropriated the common lands of the villages.
c)
There was a proliferation of intermediaries between the king and the peasants.
d)
The peasants paid various taxes like temple tax, and tax on goods produced besides land revenue.
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Dhruv Yadav answered |
The most miserable factor for the life of peasants in the post-Gupta period was the proliferation of intermediaries between the king and the peasants. Let's explore why this was the case.
1. Intermediaries and exploitation: The presence of numerous intermediaries between the king and the peasants created a system of exploitation. These intermediaries included officials, tax collectors, local chieftains, and feudal lords. Each of these intermediaries had the power to extract taxes and tributes from the peasants, leading to excessive financial burdens on them.
2. Increased taxation: The intermediaries, in their pursuit of wealth and power, imposed heavy taxes on the peasants. This included land revenue, temple tax, taxes on goods produced, and other arbitrary levies. The peasants were burdened with multiple taxes, leaving them with little income for their own sustenance.
3. Lack of accountability: The presence of intermediaries created a lack of accountability in the system. The peasants had no direct access to the king or any higher authority to address their grievances. The intermediaries often abused their power, extorted additional money, and subjected the peasants to various forms of exploitation without any fear of repercussions.
4. Appropriation of common lands: Feudatories, who were powerful individuals or local chieftains, took advantage of the absence of a strong central authority and appropriated the common lands of the villages. These lands were traditionally used by the peasants for grazing livestock, cultivation, and other communal activities. The loss of these lands further impoverished the peasants and disrupted their way of life.
5. Forced labor: In some instances, the peasants were subjected to forced labor. They were made to work on various projects, such as building infrastructure or serving in the military, without any remuneration. This added to their hardships and deprived them of their freedom and autonomy.
Overall, the proliferation of intermediaries between the king and the peasants had a profound negative impact on the lives of the peasants in the post-Gupta period. It led to increased taxation, exploitation, loss of common lands, and forced labor, making their lives extremely miserable.
1. Intermediaries and exploitation: The presence of numerous intermediaries between the king and the peasants created a system of exploitation. These intermediaries included officials, tax collectors, local chieftains, and feudal lords. Each of these intermediaries had the power to extract taxes and tributes from the peasants, leading to excessive financial burdens on them.
2. Increased taxation: The intermediaries, in their pursuit of wealth and power, imposed heavy taxes on the peasants. This included land revenue, temple tax, taxes on goods produced, and other arbitrary levies. The peasants were burdened with multiple taxes, leaving them with little income for their own sustenance.
3. Lack of accountability: The presence of intermediaries created a lack of accountability in the system. The peasants had no direct access to the king or any higher authority to address their grievances. The intermediaries often abused their power, extorted additional money, and subjected the peasants to various forms of exploitation without any fear of repercussions.
4. Appropriation of common lands: Feudatories, who were powerful individuals or local chieftains, took advantage of the absence of a strong central authority and appropriated the common lands of the villages. These lands were traditionally used by the peasants for grazing livestock, cultivation, and other communal activities. The loss of these lands further impoverished the peasants and disrupted their way of life.
5. Forced labor: In some instances, the peasants were subjected to forced labor. They were made to work on various projects, such as building infrastructure or serving in the military, without any remuneration. This added to their hardships and deprived them of their freedom and autonomy.
Overall, the proliferation of intermediaries between the king and the peasants had a profound negative impact on the lives of the peasants in the post-Gupta period. It led to increased taxation, exploitation, loss of common lands, and forced labor, making their lives extremely miserable.
Which one of the following causes mentioned below regardeing the rise of feudalism in the post-Gupta period is not correct?- a)The legal authorities were not aware of this problem.
- b)In the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D. the Puranas complained of varnas disregarding their functions.
- c)To get over the aforesaid situation kings chose intermediaries including Brahamanas.
- d)None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following causes mentioned below regardeing the rise of feudalism in the post-Gupta period is not correct?
a)
The legal authorities were not aware of this problem.
b)
In the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D. the Puranas complained of varnas disregarding their functions.
c)
To get over the aforesaid situation kings chose intermediaries including Brahamanas.
d)
None of the above.
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Muskaan Patel answered |
Explanation:
Legal authorities not aware:
- The statement that legal authorities were not aware of the rise of feudalism in the post-Gupta period is not correct.
- In fact, the legal authorities were well aware of the changing social and economic landscape during this time.
- The decline of centralized authority led to the rise of feudalism, and rulers began to rely on local intermediaries to maintain control over their territories.
Puranas complaints:
- In the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D., the Puranas did indeed complain about varnas disregarding their functions.
- The traditional varna system was breaking down, leading to social unrest and a power vacuum that feudalism filled.
Choice of intermediaries:
- To address the challenges posed by the breakdown of the traditional social order, kings chose intermediaries like Brahmanas to maintain administrative control.
- These intermediaries helped the rulers manage their territories and collect revenue, contributing to the rise of feudalism.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A', as legal authorities were aware of the rise of feudalism and the changing social dynamics in the post-Gupta period.
Legal authorities not aware:
- The statement that legal authorities were not aware of the rise of feudalism in the post-Gupta period is not correct.
- In fact, the legal authorities were well aware of the changing social and economic landscape during this time.
- The decline of centralized authority led to the rise of feudalism, and rulers began to rely on local intermediaries to maintain control over their territories.
Puranas complaints:
- In the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D., the Puranas did indeed complain about varnas disregarding their functions.
- The traditional varna system was breaking down, leading to social unrest and a power vacuum that feudalism filled.
Choice of intermediaries:
- To address the challenges posed by the breakdown of the traditional social order, kings chose intermediaries like Brahmanas to maintain administrative control.
- These intermediaries helped the rulers manage their territories and collect revenue, contributing to the rise of feudalism.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A', as legal authorities were aware of the rise of feudalism and the changing social dynamics in the post-Gupta period.
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