All questions of Social And Cultural Awakening, The Lower Caste, Trade Union And Peasants Movements for UPSC CSE Exam

The correct answer is option C) Swami Vivekananda.

Swami Vivekananda was a prominent Indian philosopher, social reformer, and spiritual leader who played a key role in the introduction of Indian philosophies and spirituality to the Western world. He was a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.

Swami Vivekananda strongly believed in the upliftment and welfare of the masses, especially the poor and downtrodden. He emphasized the importance of education and advocated for its widespread availability to all sections of society. He believed that education was not only a means to personal growth but also a tool for social transformation.

Swami Vivekananda's quote, "So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor, who having been educated at their expense, pay not the least heed to them," reflects his deep concern for the welfare of the impoverished and uneducated masses. He considered it the moral responsibility of those who have been fortunate enough to receive an education, particularly at the expense of others, to use their knowledge and skills for the betterment of society.

By calling those who neglect the plight of the hungry and ignorant "traitors," Swami Vivekananda emphasized the importance of social responsibility and the duty to serve humanity. He believed that education and knowledge should not be pursued solely for personal gain but should be utilized for the upliftment of society as a whole.

Swami Vivekananda's teachings and ideals continue to inspire people worldwide, and his emphasis on education, social service, and the eradication of poverty and ignorance remains relevant even today. His message serves as a reminder that education should not be seen as a privilege but as a means to empower individuals and bring about positive change in society.

Hastings as the First to Impose Censorship on the Press in India

Introduction
Censorship on the press in India was first imposed during the British colonial era. It was a means of controlling the flow of information and ideas that could potentially threaten the colonial rule. The first person to impose censorship on the press in India was Warren Hastings.

Warren Hastings
Warren Hastings was the Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785. During his tenure, he introduced a number of measures to strengthen the British rule in India. One of these measures was the imposition of censorship on the press.

Reasons for Censorship
Hastings believed that the press was a potential threat to the British rule in India. He feared that the press could be used to spread seditious and anti-British ideas among the people. He also believed that the press could be used to criticize the British administration and expose their shortcomings.

Censorship Measures
Hastings imposed a number of measures to censor the press. He introduced a licensing system that required all printers and publishers to obtain a license from the British authorities before they could publish any material. He also appointed a press censor to monitor all publications and ensure that they did not contain any seditious or anti-British content.

Impact of Censorship
The censorship measures introduced by Hastings had a significant impact on the press in India. Many publishers and printers were forced to shut down their operations as they could not obtain a license or were unable to comply with the strict censorship regulations. This resulted in a significant reduction in the number of publications and the circulation of information.

Conclusion
Warren Hastings was the first person to impose censorship on the press in India. His measures were aimed at controlling the flow of information and ideas that could potentially threaten the British rule in India. While his actions had a significant impact on the press, they also paved the way for future efforts to promote press freedom and free speech in India.

Raja Rammohan Roy is not the correct answer. The correct answer is Swami Vivekananda.

Swami Vivekananda was a renowned Hindu monk and one of the key figures in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He emphasized the idea that there are many paths to God and salvation, and that service to humanity is a form of worship.

Emphasis on Many Roads to God and Salvation:
Swami Vivekananda believed that different individuals have different temperaments and spiritual inclinations. Therefore, he advocated for the acceptance of various religious paths and spiritual practices. According to him, all religions ultimately aim at the same truth and lead to the same goal of self-realization and union with God.

Service of Man is Service of God:
Swami Vivekananda strongly believed in the concept of serving humanity. He considered service to be the highest form of worship. According to him, God exists in every human being, and by serving others, we are serving God himself. He emphasized the importance of selfless service, compassion, and love towards all living beings.

Man as the Embodiment of God:
Swami Vivekananda viewed every individual as a manifestation of the divine. He believed in the inherent divinity of every human being and considered each person to be a potential source of spiritual awakening. For him, the goal of spiritual practice was to realize and manifest the divine qualities that already exist within oneself.

Conclusion:
Swami Vivekananda's teachings were rooted in the principles of universal acceptance and service to humanity. He emphasized that there are many paths to God and salvation, and that serving others is a form of worshipping the divine. His teachings continue to inspire millions of people worldwide, and he is considered a key figure in the modern Hindu renaissance.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a crucial role in raising the age of consent for girls in India through the Act of 1860. The details are as follows:

Background:
During the colonial period, India witnessed a rise in the number of child marriages, which were often forced and resulted in the exploitation of young girls. The British authorities recognized this problem and introduced various laws to protect women and girls from abuse.

Efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a social reformer and educationist, campaigned for the raising of the age of consent for girls. He argued that girls should not be married off before they reached puberty, as it put their health and well-being at risk. He also highlighted the fact that young girls were often unable to give informed consent to marriage.

Vidyasagar's efforts led to the introduction of the Age of Consent Bill in 1860, which proposed to raise the age of consent for girls from 12 to 14. However, the bill faced opposition from conservative sections of society, who argued that it was a violation of tradition and religion.

The Act of 1860:
Despite the opposition, the Age of Consent Bill was passed in 1860, raising the age of consent for girls to 10. While this was still a low age by modern standards, it was a significant improvement over the previous age limit of 12.

The Act of 1860 also introduced other provisions to protect women and girls from exploitation, such as criminalizing rape and prohibiting the abduction of women for marriage.

Legacy of Vidyasagar:
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's efforts to raise the age of consent for girls were part of his broader campaign for social reform and education in India. He believed that education was the key to empowering women and improving their status in society.

Vidyasagar's legacy continues to inspire social reformers and activists in India today, who work to promote gender equality and women's rights.

Lord Curzon argued that Oriental learning was completely inferior to European learning.

Explanation:

Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. He was a firm believer in the superiority of European culture and education over Oriental culture and education. He believed that the British had a civilizing mission in India, and one of their main tasks was to introduce European education and culture to the people of India.

Lord Curzon’s views on Oriental learning were influenced by the ideas of British Orientalists, who believed that Oriental learning was inferior to European learning. According to them, Oriental languages and literature, including Sanskrit and Arabic, were dead languages that had no relevance to the modern world. They believed that European languages and literature, especially English, were the key to modernization and progress.

Lord Curzon was also critical of the traditional Indian education system, which he believed was outdated and inadequate. He argued that Indian education focused too much on religious and philosophical subjects and neglected practical subjects that were essential for modern life, such as science and technology.

To promote European education in India, Lord Curzon introduced a number of reforms, including the establishment of universities and colleges that followed the British model of education. He also promoted the teaching of English as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges.

In conclusion, Lord Curzon was a strong advocate of European education and culture, and he believed that Oriental learning was completely inferior to European learning. His views were influenced by the ideas of British Orientalists, who believed that European education was the key to modernization and progress.

The founder of the famous Hindu College is David Hare. Let us understand this in detail.

Background Information:
- Hindu College is one of the oldest and most prestigious colleges in India.
- It was founded in 1817 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal.
- The college was established to provide Western education to the Indian youth and to promote the study of Hindu literature, philosophy, and religion.

Founder of Hindu College:
- David Hare, a Scottish philanthropist, was the founder of Hindu College.
- He arrived in Calcutta in 1800 and worked as a merchant for the East India Company.
- Hare was deeply concerned about the lack of quality education for the Indian youth and wanted to do something to improve their condition.
- In 1815, he started a school for poor Hindu boys, which later evolved into the Hindu College.

Significance of Hindu College:
- Hindu College played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- Many prominent Indian leaders, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose, were associated with the college.
- The college produced several eminent scholars, scientists, and artists, who made significant contributions to various fields.

Conclusion:
In summary, David Hare, a Scottish philanthropist, founded the famous Hindu College in Calcutta in 1817. The college played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and produced several eminent scholars and artists.

The activities of which society spread to South India as a result of the efforts of the Telegu reformer, Versalingam?

The correct answer is option 'B' i.e. Prathana Samaj.

Explanation:

The Prathana Samaj, also known as the Society for the Worship of God, was a reform movement founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay in 1867. It aimed to promote monotheism, reject idol worship, and revive Vedic tradition. The movement spread rapidly in western India and soon made its way to South India.

Versalingam was a prominent Telugu reformer who played a significant role in spreading the Prathana Samaj movement in South India. He was influenced by the teachings of the movement during his stay in Bombay and was convinced that it could bring about much-needed reform in his community.

After returning to South India, Versalingam founded the first Prathana Samaj in Madras in 1875. He translated the Prathana Samaj literature into Telugu and made it accessible to the people. He also established schools and libraries to promote education and spread the message of the movement.

The Prathana Samaj movement gained significant popularity in South India and inspired several other reform movements. It played a crucial role in challenging the traditional Hindu practices and promoting social reform.

In conclusion, Versalingam's efforts played a significant role in spreading the Prathana Samaj movement in South India. The movement aimed to promote monotheism, reject idol worship, and revive Vedic tradition and played a crucial role in promoting social reform.

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer who worked towards the upliftment of women in India. He demanded several reforms to raise the status of women. Let's discuss them in detail:

Women's right of inheritance and property:
- Rammohan Roy demanded that women should be given the right to inherit property and own it.
- He believed that this would provide women with economic independence and help them gain a respectable position in society.
- He also argued that denying women the right to inherit property was a violation of their basic human rights.

The abolition of polygamy:
- Rammohan Roy was against the practice of polygamy, which allowed men to have multiple wives.
- He believed that this practice was harmful to women and perpetuated gender inequality.
- He argued that monogamy would promote equality between men and women and help create a more just society.

The encouragement of widow remarriage:
- Rammohan Roy advocated for the remarriage of widows, which was considered taboo in Indian society at the time.
- He believed that widows should not be stigmatized and forced to live a life of isolation and loneliness.
- He argued that allowing widows to remarry would provide them with a second chance at happiness and help them regain their social status.

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy demanded several reforms to raise the status of women in India, including the right of inheritance and property, the abolition of polygamy, and the encouragement of widow remarriage. These reforms were crucial in promoting gender equality and empowering women in Indian society.

The correct answer is option 'A', Jotiba Phule.

Jotiba Phule was a social reformer, thinker, and activist who played a significant role in the social and educational upliftment of the marginalized communities in India. He founded the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha in 1884 as a platform to advocate for the rights and welfare of the lower castes and untouchables.

**The Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha:**
The Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha, also known as the Native Public Association, was established by Jotiba Phule in Pune, Maharashtra in 1884. It was one of the earliest organizations in India dedicated to social reform and the upliftment of the oppressed communities.

**Objectives:**
The main objective of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was to address the social inequities prevailing in society, particularly the caste-based discrimination and oppression faced by the lower castes and untouchables. The Sabha aimed to create awareness among the masses, promote social equality, and fight for the rights of the marginalized sections.

**Activities:**
The Sabha organized various activities and initiatives to achieve its objectives. It conducted public meetings, seminars, and discussions to raise awareness about caste-based discrimination and the need for social reform. The Sabha also played a crucial role in spreading education among the lower castes and untouchables by establishing schools and educational institutions.

**Impact:**
The establishment of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was a significant step towards creating a platform for the oppressed communities to voice their concerns and fight for their rights. It laid the foundation for the social reform movements that followed and inspired many other individuals and organizations to work towards social equality.

**Jotiba Phule's Contribution:**
Jotiba Phule, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, was at the forefront of the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He challenged the orthodox Brahmanical social order and fought against caste-based discrimination. Through his writings, speeches, and activism, he advocated for the rights and empowerment of the lower castes and untouchables. The establishment of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was one of his initiatives to bring about social change.

Phule's work laid the foundation for the future social reform movements led by leaders like B.R. Ambedkar and D.K. Karve. His ideas and efforts continue to inspire and guide the fight against social inequality and injustice in Indian society.

In conclusion, Jotiba Phule founded the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha in 1884 as a platform to advocate for the rights and welfare of the lower castes and untouchables. The Sabha played a significant role in raising awareness about social inequality and promoting social reform in India.

French Revolution
Derozio drew his inspiration from the French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799. The French Revolution was a period of significant social and political change in France, marked by the overthrow of the monarchy, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the adoption of revolutionary ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Radical Views
Derozio was influenced by the radical ideas that emerged during the French Revolution, such as democracy, secularism, and individual rights. These ideas challenged traditional authority and inspired movements for social and political reform around the world.

Teaching at Hindu College
During his time at Hindu College from 1826 to 1831, Derozio promoted liberal and progressive ideas among his students. He encouraged critical thinking, free inquiry, and a questioning of established norms and beliefs. His teachings were considered controversial at the time, as they went against the conservative values of society.

Impact
Derozio's teachings had a lasting impact on his students and the intellectual climate of the time. Many of his students went on to become leaders in the Indian independence movement, carrying forward his legacy of progressive ideas and social reform.
In conclusion, Derozio's inspiration from the French Revolution and his radical views had a significant influence on his teachings at Hindu College and the students he mentored. His legacy as a pioneer of liberal thought in India continues to be celebrated today.

Young Bengal Movement
The Young Bengal Movement was a trend started by Bengali intellectuals in the 19th century, led by H.V. Derozio, an Anglo Indian. This movement was more modern and radical than the earlier efforts of Rammohan Roy and his followers.

Key Points:
- The Young Bengal Movement aimed to break away from traditional social and intellectual norms and promote a more liberal and progressive outlook among the youth of Bengal.
- H.V. Derozio, as the leader of this movement, encouraged young Bengalis to question societal norms, challenge orthodox beliefs, and embrace new ideas and reforms.
- The movement emphasized the importance of education, critical thinking, and social reform. It sought to create a generation of enlightened individuals who could contribute to the betterment of society.
- The Young Bengal Movement had a significant impact on the cultural and intellectual landscape of Bengal. It inspired a new generation of thinkers, writers, and activists who played a crucial role in shaping the future of the region.
- The movement also laid the foundation for the broader social and political reforms that would later characterize the Bengal Renaissance.
In conclusion, the Young Bengal Movement, under the leadership of H.V. Derozio, marked a turning point in the intellectual history of Bengal. It symbolized a shift towards a more modern, progressive, and enlightened approach to social and intellectual discourse.

**Raja Rammohan Roy died on 7th September 1833 at Bristol, United Kingdom.**

**Explanation:**

Raja Rammohan Roy was a prominent social reformer and intellectual from India who played a significant role in the Bengal Renaissance during the 19th century. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Indian Renaissance" for his efforts in promoting social, educational, and religious reforms in the country.

Raja Rammohan Roy traveled to the United Kingdom in 1830 with the intention of seeking reforms and support for his causes from the British government and influential individuals. During his stay in the UK, he actively participated in various intellectual circles and made significant contributions to the fields of education, law, and social reform.

Unfortunately, Raja Rammohan Roy's health began to deteriorate during his time in the UK. He suffered from various ailments, including liver disease. Despite his declining health, he continued to work towards his goals and engage in intellectual discussions.

On 27th August 1833, Raja Rammohan Roy fell seriously ill and was confined to bed. He received medical treatment, but his condition did not improve. Finally, on 7th September 1833, he passed away in Bristol, United Kingdom.

His death was a great loss to the intellectual and reformist community in India. Raja Rammohan Roy's contributions to social and religious reform, as well as his advocacy for women's rights, freedom of speech, and education, laid the foundation for many future reform movements in the country.

Raja Rammohan Roy's legacy continues to inspire generations, and his ideas and principles remain relevant today. He is remembered as a visionary leader who fought against social injustices and worked tirelessly for the betterment of society.

Prathna Samaj: Background and Establishment

The Prathna Samaj was a reformist movement that originated in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1867. It aimed to bring about social and religious reforms in Indian society, particularly among the Hindus. The movement was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen, a prominent social reformer and religious leader.

Role of Keshav Chandra Sen

Keshav Chandra Sen played a crucial role in the establishment and development of the Prathna Samaj. He was born in 1838 in Bengal and later became a disciple of the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist movement founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Inspired by the ideals of the Brahmo Samaj, Keshav Chandra Sen sought to bring about similar reforms among the Hindu community in Bombay.

Motives and Objectives of the Prathna Samaj

The Prathna Samaj aimed to address several social and religious issues prevalent in Indian society during the 19th century. Some of the key motives and objectives of the Prathna Samaj were:

1. Abolition of idol worship: The movement sought to discourage the worship of idols and promote a more rational and monotheistic form of worship.

2. Women's education and empowerment: The Prathna Samaj advocated for the education and empowerment of women, challenging the orthodox practices that restricted their rights and opportunities.

3. Caste and social equality: The movement aimed to eradicate caste discrimination and promote social equality among all sections of society.

4. Promotion of widow remarriage: The Samaj strongly advocated for the practice of widow remarriage, challenging the prevalent social stigma associated with it.

Impact and Legacy

The Prathna Samaj made significant contributions to the social and religious reform movements in India. Some of its notable achievements include:

1. Spreading education: The movement established several schools and educational institutions to promote literacy and modern education among the masses.

2. Women's empowerment: The Prathna Samaj played a crucial role in promoting women's education and advocating for their rights, contributing to the emergence of women leaders and activists in Indian society.

3. Social reforms: The movement's efforts to eradicate caste discrimination and promote social equality paved the way for a more inclusive and egalitarian society.

4. Influence on other reform movements: The Prathna Samaj served as an inspiration for other reformist movements, such as the Arya Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj, which further contributed to the social and religious reforms in India.

Therefore, it is evident that Keshav Chandra Sen was the founder of the Prathna Samaj in Bombay in 1867. His leadership and vision played a pivotal role in shaping the objectives and achievements of the movement.

Raja Rammohan Roy was a social reformer and founder of the Brahmo Samaj. He had several Indian associates who worked with him towards social reforms. Among them, Chandra Shekhar Dev was Rammohan Roy's foremost Indian associate.

Chandra Shekhar Dev's Contribution:

1. Collaboration with Raja Rammohan Roy: Chandra Shekhar Dev collaborated with Raja Rammohan Roy in several social reform movements. He worked with him towards the abolition of Sati and the promotion of women's education.

2. Support to Brahmo Samaj: Chandra Shekhar Dev was a staunch supporter of the Brahmo Samaj. He worked towards spreading the message of the Samaj and helped in its growth.

3. Education: Chandra Shekhar Dev was a strong advocate of education. He believed that education was the key to social and economic development. He established several schools and colleges to promote education among the masses.

4. Journalism: Chandra Shekhar Dev was also an active journalist. He established several newspapers and journals to spread the message of social reform and to raise awareness about the issues faced by the society.

Conclusion:

Chandra Shekhar Dev was a prominent social reformer who worked closely with Raja Rammohan Roy towards social reform. He made significant contributions towards the promotion of education, women's rights and the abolition of social evils. His work continues to inspire and influence social reform movements in India.

Rammohan Roy and the Campaign Against Sati

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer and intellectual in colonial India. He is known for his efforts to abolish the practice of sati, or widow burning, which was prevalent in certain regions of India at the time.

Setting Out to Arouse Public Opinion

Roy began his campaign against sati in the late 1810s and early 1820s. He believed that the practice was barbaric and had no basis in Hindu scripture or tradition. He set out to arouse public opinion on the question of sati by writing and speaking on the issue.

In 1818, he published a pamphlet titled "Thoughts on the Sati Question," in which he argued that sati was not only morally wrong, but also illegal according to British law. He also founded the Brahmo Samaj, a religious and social reform organization, which helped to spread his message.

Roy's efforts were initially met with resistance from traditionalists and conservative Hindus, who saw sati as a sacred and necessary practice. However, his arguments eventually gained traction, and his campaign helped to pave the way for the abolition of sati in 1829.

Conclusion

Therefore, we can conclude that Rammohan Roy set out to arouse public opinion on the question of sati in 1818, as he published a pamphlet titled "Thoughts on the Sati Question" in that year.

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer who played a key role in the Bengal Renaissance. He was born in 1772 in Bengal and he died in Bristol, England in 1833. He was a great scholar in Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, and he was also proficient in English. He was a firm believer in the monotheistic principles of Hinduism and he sought to reform the religion to remove the superstitions and rituals that had crept into it over time.

Brahmo Samaj

In 1828, Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious society. The society's main purpose was to purify Hinduism and to preach theism, which is the worship of a single God. The society was open to all people, regardless of their caste or religion. The Brahmo Samaj was based on the principles of reason, faith, and love.

Goals of Brahmo Samaj

The goals of the Brahmo Samaj were:

1. To promote monotheism and to reject polytheism.

2. To reject idolatry and to promote the worship of an unseen God.

3. To reject the caste system and to promote social equality.

4. To promote education, especially for women.

5. To promote social and moral reform.

Impact of Brahmo Samaj

The Brahmo Samaj had a significant impact on Indian society. It inspired many social reform movements, including the movement against child marriage, the movement for women's education, and the movement for the abolition of the caste system. The Brahmo Samaj also played a key role in the Indian independence movement, as many of its members were also involved in the struggle for freedom from British rule.

Conclusion

Rammohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj was a significant movement in the history of India. It sought to reform Hinduism and to promote the worship of a single God. The society had a profound impact on Indian society, inspiring many social reform movements and playing a key role in the struggle for independence.

B

Arya Samaj, (Sanskrit: “Society of Nobles”) vigorous reform movement of modern Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, whose aim was to reestablish the Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. The Arya Samaj has always had its largest following in western and northern India.

The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj is a division of Brahmoism formed as a result of schisms in the Brahmo Samaj in 1866 and 1878 respectively. The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was formed in a public meeting of Brahmos held in the Town Hall of Calcutta on 15 May 1878 (2nd Jaishta 1284 of the Bengali calendar). A letter from Maharshi Devendranath Tagore communicating his blessings and prayer for the success of the new Samaj was read in the meeting. At the time of its foundation the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was headed by three men universally esteemed in Brahmo society for their high moral character. They were Ananda Mohan Bose, Sib Nath Shastri and Umesh Chandra Dutta. Of those three Ananda Mohan Bose was the youngest, scarcely more than 31 years at the time, yet he was placed at the head of affairs.

Raja Rammohan Roy, also known as the "Maker of Modern India," was a prominent social reformer, philosopher, and intellectual during the early 19th century. He played a significant role in various social, religious, and educational reforms in India. The correct answer to the given question is option 'A', which states that Raja Rammohan Roy attacked polygamy and the degraded conditions of widows, championed women's rights like the right of inheritance and property, and campaigned against the practice of Sati, succeeding in getting it abolished by the British Government.

I. Attack on Polygamy and the Degraded Conditions of Widows:
Rammohan Roy strongly criticized the prevalent practice of polygamy in society. He believed that polygamy led to the exploitation of women and the degradation of their status. He advocated for monogamy and stressed the importance of treating women with respect and equality. He also condemned the ill-treatment and neglect faced by widows in society. He emphasized the need to improve the conditions of widows and provide them with better social and economic opportunities.

II. Championing Women's Rights:
Rammohan Roy was a staunch advocate for women's rights and worked towards securing equal rights for women. He fought for the right of women to inherit property and advocated for their right to own and manage their own assets. He believed that women should have the same legal and social status as men. Rammohan Roy's efforts laid the foundation for the women's rights movement in India.

III. Campaign Against the Practice of Sati:
One of Rammohan Roy's most significant contributions was his campaign against the practice of Sati, which involved the immolation of widows on their husband's funeral pyres. He vehemently opposed this inhumane practice and considered it to be a violation of human rights. Rammohan Roy tirelessly campaigned against Sati by organizing public debates, publishing articles, and lobbying the British Government for its abolition. His efforts were successful, and in 1829, the British Government passed the Bengal Sati Regulation Act, which banned the practice of Sati.

IV. Fight for the Spread of Traditional Education through the Medium of Sanskrit:
Contrary to the given options, Rammohan Roy did not fight for the spread of traditional education through the medium of Sanskrit. Instead, he focused on advocating for modern education and the promotion of English as a medium of instruction. He believed that a knowledge of English and modern sciences would empower Indians and enable them to compete on a global level.

In conclusion, Raja Rammohan Roy played a crucial role in various social reforms in India. He attacked polygamy and the degraded conditions of widows, championed women's rights, and campaigned against the practice of Sati, ultimately succeeding in getting it abolished by the British Government. However, he did not fight for the spread of traditional education through the medium of Sanskrit.

Expansion of British-Indian Territory under Lord Dalhousie

Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. During his tenure, he carried out several reforms and policies which had far-reaching consequences for the future of India. One of the most significant of these was the expansion of British-Indian territory through a series of annexations and conquests.

The first major extension of British-Indian territory during Dalhousie's tenure was the annexation of the Punjab in 1849. This was achieved after a series of wars and battles against the Sikh kingdom of Punjab. The annexation of the Punjab was significant because it brought the British into direct contact with the borders of Afghanistan and Russia, two powers that were seen as potential threats to British interests in the region.

Another major annexation during Dalhousie's tenure was the state of Oudh in 1856. Oudh was a princely state located in northern India, and its annexation was justified on the grounds of mismanagement and maladministration by the ruling Nawab. The annexation of Oudh was significant because it paved the way for the direct annexation of other princely states in the future.

Dalhousie also carried out several other annexations and conquests during his tenure, including the annexation of the Maratha states of Nagpur and Jhansi, and the conquest of the province of Sindh. These annexations were carried out on a variety of pretexts, including misrule by the native rulers, internal conflicts, and alleged threats to British interests in the region.

Dalhousie's policy of territorial expansion was controversial and faced criticism from both Indian and British critics. Some saw it as a necessary measure to consolidate British power in India and protect British interests, while others saw it as a violation of Indian sovereignty and an unjustified expansion of British power.

In conclusion, the expansion of British-Indian territory under Lord Dalhousie was a significant development in the history of India. It paved the way for further annexations and conquests in the future and had far-reaching consequences for the political, social, and economic landscape of India.

Raja Rammohan Roy was a social reformer, scholar, and journalist who played a significant role in the Indian Renaissance. He was one of the pioneers of Indian journalism and published journals in several languages. The correct answer is option 'B', which means he published journals in Bengali, Hindi, Persian, and English.

Journals published by Raja Rammohan Roy:
1. Sambad Kaumudi: This was a Bengali weekly newspaper that was published in 1821. It was the first newspaper in the Bengali language and focused on social and religious reforms.

2. Mirat-ul-Akbar: This was a Persian newspaper that was published in 1822. It was aimed at the Muslim community and focused on social and religious reforms.

3. Brahmanical Magazine: This was an English language periodical that was published in 1821. It was aimed at the British authorities and aimed to promote Indian culture, traditions, and values.

4. Sambad Prabhakar: This was a Hindi language newspaper that was published in 1825. It was aimed at the Hindi speaking population and focused on social and religious reforms.

Raja Rammohan Roy believed that journalism was a powerful tool for social and religious reforms. He used his journalistic skills to promote his ideas of social and religious reforms and to create awareness among the masses. His writings and publications played a significant role in the Indian Renaissance and inspired many Indians to fight against social evils and to work for the betterment of the society.

The person who described the Derozians as the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration and whose failings will be treated with gentlest consideration is S.N. Banerjee.

Explanation:
The Derozians were a group of young intellectuals who emerged in the early 19th century in Bengal, India. They were the students of Hindu College, founded by David Hare, and were heavily influenced by their teacher Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. Derozio himself was a radical thinker and believed in questioning orthodoxies and promoting rationalism.

S.N. Banerjee, a prominent Indian nationalist and a contemporary of the Derozians, recognized their contributions to the modern civilization of Bengal. He considered them as pioneers who brought about significant changes in the social, cultural, and intellectual landscape of Bengal. Here are the reasons why S.N. Banerjee described them as such:

1. Promotion of Rationalism: The Derozians were known for their rationalist and scientific approach towards knowledge. They questioned traditional beliefs and superstitions and advocated for a more reasoned outlook. This emphasis on rationality and critical thinking played a crucial role in shaping the modern mindset of Bengal.

2. Social Reforms: The Derozians were actively involved in social reform movements. They fought against social evils like caste discrimination, sati (widow burning), and child marriage. Their progressive ideas and activism contributed to the social transformation of Bengal.

3. Literary and Cultural Renaissance: The Derozians were passionate about literature, poetry, and art. They encouraged creative expression and played a significant role in the Bengal Renaissance. Their literary works and intellectual pursuits added to the rich cultural heritage of Bengal.

4. Political Consciousness: The Derozians were politically conscious and believed in the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice. They were vocal about their opposition to British colonial rule and advocated for Indian nationalism. Their political activism laid the foundation for the future freedom struggle.

5. Influence on Future Generations: The Derozians inspired and influenced several generations of intellectuals and nationalists in Bengal. Their ideas and values continued to shape the intellectual discourse in Bengal for years to come.

In conclusion, S.N. Banerjee, recognizing the immense contributions and impact of the Derozians, described them as the pioneers of modern civilization in Bengal. Their rationalism, social reform initiatives, literary and cultural renaissance, political consciousness, and lasting influence on future generations make them deserving of such praise and veneration.

**The First Step Taken by the British Government for the Spread of Modern Education**

The correct answer to the question is option C, 1813. In this answer, we will explain why option C is the correct answer and provide some background information on the spread of modern education in India during British colonial rule.

**Background Information: British Colonial Rule in India**

The British East India Company established its presence in India in the 17th century and gradually gained control over various parts of the country. By the mid-18th century, the company had acquired significant political and economic power in India. This period marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, which lasted until 1947.

During British colonial rule, the British government implemented several policies and reforms that had a significant impact on various aspects of Indian society, including education. The British saw education as a means to create a class of Indians who would be loyal to British rule and serve as intermediaries between the British and the Indian population.

**The Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 was a significant legislative enactment passed by the British Parliament that had far-reaching implications for education in India. This act was an amendment to the earlier Charter Act of 1793, which had primarily focused on regulating the activities of the British East India Company.

**Provisions of the Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 included several provisions related to education in India. Some of the key provisions are as follows:

1. **Grant for Education**: The act granted a sum of one lakh rupees (100,000 rupees) from the British government's revenues in India for the promotion of education in the country. This marked the first direct financial support from the British government for the spread of education in India.

2. **Christian Missionaries**: The act allowed Christian missionaries to enter India and establish educational institutions. The aim was to promote the spread of Western education, along with the propagation of Christianity.

3. **Oriental Learning**: The act also recognized the importance of Oriental learning, which encompassed traditional Indian subjects such as Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. To encourage the study of Oriental subjects, the act allocated funds for the establishment of Sanskrit and Arabic colleges in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Benares (now Varanasi).

**Significance of the Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 was a significant milestone in the spread of modern education in India. It marked the first official recognition and support from the British government for the promotion of education in the country. The act laid the foundation for the establishment of educational institutions, both Western and Oriental, that played a crucial role in shaping modern education in India.

Furthermore, the act's provisions regarding Christian missionaries had a profound impact on education in India. Missionary schools and colleges played a crucial role in the spread of Western education, including subjects like English, mathematics, and science. These institutions contributed to the emergence of a new class of Indians who were exposed to Western ideas and knowledge.

In conclusion, the first step taken by the British government for the spread of modern education in India was through the Charter Act of 1813. This act provided financial support and established a framework for the establishment of educational institutions, both Western and Oriental. It also allowed Christian missionaries to enter India and play a significant role in the spread of education.

The correct answer is not option 'A' (G.H. Deshmukh), but option 'B' (Jotiba Phule). Jotiba Phule was an influential social reformer and writer who became famous under the pen name of Lokahitawadi. He was born on April 11, 1827, in Pune, Maharashtra, and is considered one of the pioneers of the social reform movement in India.

Here is a detailed explanation of Jotiba Phule's life and his contribution to social reform:

1. Early Life:
Jotiba Phule was born into a lower-caste family in a time when caste discrimination was deeply ingrained in Indian society. Despite facing societal prejudices, he managed to receive a good education and became aware of the injustices prevalent in Indian society.

2. Social Reform:
Jotiba Phule dedicated his life to challenging and eradicating social inequalities. He advocated for the upliftment of lower castes, women's rights, and education for all. Phule was particularly critical of the Brahmin caste, whom he believed were responsible for perpetuating the oppressive social system.

3. Writings and Pen Name:
Phule used his writings to expose the inequalities and injustices prevalent in Indian society. He adopted the pen name 'Lokahitawadi,' meaning 'one who works for the welfare of all.' Through his writings, Phule aimed to create awareness and inspire people to question the deeply entrenched social norms.

4. Works:
Jotiba Phule's most notable works include "Gulamgiri" (Slavery), "Satyashodhak Samaj Prakash" (The Light of the Truth-Seeking Society), and "Shetkarayacha Aasud" (Cultivator's Whipcord). These works targeted social, religious, and gender-based inequalities and advocated for the rights of marginalized communities.

5. Satyashodhak Samaj:
In 1873, Jotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers), which aimed to challenge the prevailing social hierarchy and empower the lower castes. The organization worked towards equal rights, education, and social justice.

In conclusion, Jotiba Phule, not G.H. Deshmukh, became famous under the pen name of Lokahitawadi. He was a prominent social reformer who dedicated his life to challenging social inequalities and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities. His writings and establishment of the Satyashodhak Samaj played a crucial role in the social reform movement in India.

**Explanation:**

Vidyasagar, also known as Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, was a prominent social reformer and educator in 19th century India. He played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and worked towards improving their social status.

**Hindu Widow Remarriage Act:**

One of Vidyasagar's notable achievements was his contribution to the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act. This act aimed to address the issue of the social stigma and hardships faced by Hindu widows who were not allowed to remarry. It provided legal recognition and support for widow remarriage in Hindu society.

**Timeline and Details:**

The correct answer to the given question is option 'B' (1856). The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was indeed passed in 1856. Here is a breakdown of the timeline and details surrounding the act:

1. **Background:** In traditional Hindu society, widows were often treated as social outcasts, subjected to various restrictions, and denied the right to remarry. This practice was deeply ingrained in societal norms and had severe consequences for widows, particularly in terms of social ostracization, economic difficulties, and emotional distress.

2. **Vidyasagar's Efforts:** Vidyasagar, recognizing the injustice and suffering faced by widows, campaigned tirelessly for widow remarriage rights. He believed that denying widows the opportunity to remarry was a violation of their basic human rights and contributed to their overall degradation.

3. **Public Awareness and Advocacy:** Vidyasagar used his position as the principal of Sanskrit College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to raise awareness about the issue. He wrote extensively on widow remarriage and the need for social reform, publishing influential works such as "Barna Parichay" and "Bidhaba Bibaha," which highlighted the plight of widows.

4. **Lobbying for Legislative Change:** Vidyasagar's activism and writings gained significant public support and brought attention to the need for legal reforms. He actively lobbied the British colonial government, which held legislative power in India at the time, to pass a law that would legalize widow remarriage among Hindus.

5. **Passing of the Act:** Vidyasagar's efforts bore fruit when the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was finally passed in 1856. The act allowed Hindu widows to remarry, provided certain conditions were met. It aimed to remove the stigma associated with widowhood and give widows the opportunity to lead a dignified life.

6. **Impact and Significance:** The passing of the act was a significant milestone in the women's rights movement in India. It challenged deeply entrenched social norms and paved the way for future reforms aimed at improving the status and rights of women in Indian society.

In conclusion, Vidyasagar's relentless efforts and advocacy for widow remarriage rights led to the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act in 1856. This act played a crucial role in addressing the social stigma faced by Hindu widows and granting them the legal right to remarry.

**Rammohan Roy's Language Proficiency**

**Introduction**
Rammohan Roy, also known as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was a prominent social and religious reformer in 19th century India. He was known for his efforts to abolish social evils and promote education and women's rights. Rammohan Roy was a polyglot and had proficiency in multiple languages.

**Languages Proficient in**
Rammohan Roy was proficient in the following languages:

1. **Sanskrit**: Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language and is considered the language of the gods in Hindu mythology. Rammohan Roy had a deep understanding of Sanskrit and studied various Hindu religious texts written in this language.

2. **Arabic**: Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by millions of people across the Arab world. Rammohan Roy had a good command over Arabic and studied Islamic texts written in this language. His knowledge of Arabic helped him to engage in debates and discussions with Muslim scholars.

3. **English**: Rammohan Roy had a strong command over the English language. He learned English during the British colonial rule in India and used it as a medium to communicate and express his ideas. He also translated several important works from English into Bengali and vice versa.

4. **Greek**: Greek is an ancient language that has had a significant impact on Western civilization. Rammohan Roy had proficiency in Greek and studied the works of Greek philosophers and scholars. His knowledge of Greek philosophy influenced his ideas on social and religious reforms.

5. **Hebrew**: Hebrew is a Semitic language and the language of the Jewish people. Rammohan Roy was proficient in Hebrew and studied Jewish religious texts written in this language. His understanding of Hebrew helped him to engage with Jewish scholars and understand their religious traditions.

**Conclusion**
Rammohan Roy's language proficiency was diverse and extensive. He was well-versed in Sanskrit, Arabic, English, Greek, and Hebrew. His knowledge of these languages enabled him to study and understand various religious and philosophical texts, engage in debates and discussions with scholars from different backgrounds, and promote his ideas of social and religious reforms. Rammohan Roy's language proficiency played a crucial role in his intellectual and social contributions to Indian society.

**Explanation:**

Rammohan Roy, also known as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was a prominent social reformer and intellectual in early 19th-century India. He played a vital role in promoting social, political, and educational reforms in the country. One of his objectives was to bridge the gap between different religious communities in India, particularly between Hinduism and Christianity.

**Incorporating the Moral Message of Christ in Hinduism**

Rammohan Roy believed that the high moral message of Christ, which emphasized principles such as love, compassion, and equality, could greatly benefit Hindu society. He saw Christianity as a source of moral teachings that could help reform Hinduism and bring about a more inclusive and ethical society. Rammohan Roy aimed to incorporate these moral teachings of Christ into the Hindu religious framework.

**Hostility of Missionaries**

However, Rammohan Roy's efforts to incorporate the moral message of Christ into Hinduism did not sit well with the missionaries. The missionaries were representatives of Christian religious organizations who aimed to spread Christianity and convert people to the faith. They saw Rammohan Roy's approach as a dilution of Christian teachings and a threat to their missionary work.

The missionaries believed that the unique aspects of Christianity should be preserved and that Rammohan Roy's proposal would undermine their efforts to convert Hindus to Christianity. They felt that by incorporating Christian principles into Hinduism, there would be less incentive for Hindus to convert to Christianity.

**Conflict of Interests**

As a result, the missionaries became hostile towards Rammohan Roy and his ideas. They saw him as a challenge to their religious authority and as someone who was compromising the distinctiveness of Christianity. They opposed his attempts to blend the moral message of Christ with Hinduism.

It is important to note that Rammohan Roy's ideas also faced opposition from other quarters, such as the conservative elements within Hindu society and some Indian Muslims. However, the question specifically asks about the hostility of the missionaries, which was indeed a significant aspect of the opposition he faced.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy's desire to incorporate the high moral message of Christ into Hinduism got him the hostility of the missionaries. They saw his approach as a threat to their missionary work and the distinctiveness of Christianity. Despite facing opposition, Rammohan Roy's efforts laid the foundation for the religious and social reforms that would shape modern India.

The correct answer is option 'D': I, II, IV.

Explanation:

I. M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870 and infused new strength in it:
- This statement is true. M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar were prominent leaders who joined the Prarthana Sabha in 1870. Their association with the Sabha brought new energy and strength to the organization.

II. It was an offshoot of the Brahmo Samaj of India:
- This statement is true. The Prarthana Sabha was indeed an offshoot of the Brahmo Samaj of India. The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was a socio-religious reform movement that aimed to promote monotheism and eradicate social evils.

III. It was a reform movement outside Hinduism:
- This statement is false. The Prarthana Sabha was a reform movement within Hinduism itself. It sought to bring about social and religious reforms within the Hindu community.

IV. It concentrated on social reforms like interdining, inter-marriage, remarriage of widows, and upliftment of women and depressed classes:
- This statement is true. The Prarthana Sabha focused on various social reforms, including interdining (the practice of people from different castes eating together), inter-marriage (marriage between people from different castes), remarriage of widows (which was not allowed in traditional Hindu society), and the upliftment of women and depressed classes.

In conclusion, the correct statements about the Prarthana Sabha are:
I. M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870 and infused new strength in it.
II. It was an offshoot of the Brahmo Samaj of India.
IV. It concentrated on social reforms like interdining, inter-marriage, remarriage of widows, and upliftment of women and depressed classes.

Impact of Western culture:
The exposure to Western culture in the 19th century through colonization and trade had a significant impact on Indian society. The introduction of Western education, ideas, and values challenged traditional Indian beliefs and customs. This led to a clash between traditional Indian culture and Western influences, exposing the weaknesses and decay in Indian society.

Undermining traditional Indian ideas and institutions:
The influence of Western culture also led to a decline in traditional Indian ideas and institutions. The caste system, purdah system, and other social structures were questioned and criticized by Western ideals of equality and individual rights. This questioning of age-old traditions exposed the rigid and oppressive nature of Indian society, highlighting the need for reform.

Economic exploitation of India:
The economic exploitation of India by the British colonial rulers further exacerbated the social and religious ills prevalent in Indian society. The drain of wealth, destruction of local industries, and imposition of unfair taxes weakened the Indian economy and disrupted traditional livelihoods. This economic exploitation contributed to social unrest, poverty, and inequalities, exposing the vulnerabilities of Indian society.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the impact of Western culture, undermining of traditional Indian ideas and institutions, and economic exploitation all played a role in exposing the weakness and decay of Indian society in the 19th century. These factors highlighted the need for social, religious, and economic reforms to address the challenges faced by Indian society during this period.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Atmiya Sabha.

Explanation:
Rammohan Roy, a social reformer and educationist, settled in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1814. He was deeply concerned about the prevalent social and religious evils among Hindus in Bengal. To address these issues, he sought the cooperation of young men who shared his vision for reform.

Rammohan Roy started an organization called Atmiya Sabha in 1814. Atmiya means 'friendly' or 'brotherly' in Sanskrit and reflects the purpose of the organization, which was to foster a sense of brotherhood and unity among its members. The Atmiya Sabha aimed to fight against various religious and social customs that Rammohan Roy considered oppressive and detrimental to society.

The establishment of Atmiya Sabha was significant as it marked the beginning of organized efforts towards social reform in Bengal. Rammohan Roy and his supporters utilized this platform to discuss and debate various issues, propose reforms, and raise awareness among the Hindu community.

The Atmiya Sabha played a crucial role in challenging and reforming regressive practices prevalent among Hindus, such as the practice of Sati (widow burning), child marriage, caste discrimination, and the rigid orthodoxy of the Brahminical order. Rammohan Roy and his followers used the platform to advocate for the abolition of such practices and promote social equality, education, and rationality.

The Atmiya Sabha also contributed to the rise of a new intellectual and social consciousness in Bengal. It provided a space for like-minded individuals to come together, exchange ideas, and work towards a common goal of social reform. This organization laid the foundation for the broader socio-religious reform movements that emerged in Bengal in the 19th century.

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy started the Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta in 1814 as an organization to fight against religious and social evils prevalent among Hindus in Bengal. This institution played a significant role in initiating and promoting social reforms and fostering a sense of unity and brotherhood among its members.

**J.S. Seth and Bhau Daji are best remembered for promoting education for women.**

**1. Education for Women:**
- J.S. Seth and Bhau Daji were instrumental in promoting education for women in India during the 19th century.
- They recognized the importance of education in empowering women and enabling them to contribute actively to society.
- They worked towards breaking the social norms and barriers that restricted women's access to education.
- Their efforts aimed to provide equal educational opportunities for women and encourage their participation in various fields.

**2. Significance of Promoting Education for Women:**
- Promoting education for women was crucial in challenging the prevailing patriarchal structures and gender inequalities.
- Education empowered women to develop critical thinking skills, gain knowledge, and enhance their socio-economic status.
- It enabled women to challenge societal norms and fight for their rights, including issues like widow remarriage and polygamy.
- Educated women became agents of change and played a significant role in social reform movements during that time.

**3. Impact on Society:**
- The promotion of education for women by J.S. Seth and Bhau Daji had a transformative impact on society.
- Educated women became more aware of their rights and actively participated in social and political movements.
- They challenged oppressive practices like widow remarriage and polygamy, advocating for gender equality and women's rights.
- The education of women also contributed to the overall development of society by increasing the literacy rate and expanding the pool of educated individuals.

**4. Legacy:**
- J.S. Seth and Bhau Daji's efforts in promoting education for women left a lasting legacy in Indian society.
- Their advocacy for women's education laid the groundwork for future generations to continue the fight for gender equality and women's empowerment.
- Their work inspired other social reformers and organizations to prioritize women's education and work towards its expansion.
- Today, women's education is considered a fundamental right, and efforts continue to ensure equal access to education for all.

In conclusion, J.S. Seth and Bhau Daji are best remembered for their significant contributions in promoting education for women. Their efforts were aimed at empowering women, challenging societal norms, and creating a more inclusive and equal society.

The Derozians were a group of young intellectuals who emerged in the early 19th century in Bengal, India. They were associated with the Young Bengal Movement and were known for their radical and progressive ideas. However, they failed to take up the cause of peasants.

The Peasant Question

The Derozians were primarily interested in social and political reforms. They wanted to bring about changes in the existing social and political structures that oppressed the masses. However, they failed to recognize the importance of the peasant question. The peasants were the largest section of the Indian population and were subjected to various forms of exploitation and oppression. They were burdened with heavy taxes, forced labor, and other forms of feudal exploitation. The Derozians failed to take up their cause and ignored their plight.

The Women Question

Similarly, the Derozians also failed to take up the cause of women. The condition of women in India during the 19th century was deplorable. They were subjected to various forms of discrimination and oppression. They were denied education, property rights, and other basic freedoms. However, the Derozians did not show any interest in the women's question. They did not address the issues of gender discrimination and women's rights.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Derozians were a group of progressive intellectuals who had a vision of a new India. They wanted to bring about social and political reforms and create a more just and equitable society. However, they failed to recognize the importance of the peasant and women's questions. They ignored the plight of the peasants and did not address the issues of gender discrimination and women's rights. As a result, their vision of a new India remained incomplete.

The correct answer is c) Warren Hastings.

Warren Hastings, an important figure in the history of British India, served as the first Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785. During his tenure, he made significant contributions to the administration, education, and cultural development of Bengal.

One of his notable initiatives was the establishment of a madrasa in Calcutta in 1781. A madrasa is an Islamic educational institution where subjects like Arabic, Persian, and Islamic studies are taught. This move was part of Hastings' efforts to promote the study of oriental languages and literature in Bengal.

Warren Hastings' decision to set up a madrasa in Calcutta was driven by several factors:

1. Cultural Exchange: Hastings recognized the importance of fostering cultural exchange between the British colonial administration and the local population. By setting up a madrasa, he aimed to facilitate the study of Arabic and Persian languages, which were widely spoken and used in the region. This would allow for a better understanding of local customs, traditions, and literature.

2. Promoting Oriental Studies: Hastings believed in the significance of oriental languages and literature, which played a crucial role in the cultural and intellectual life of the Indian subcontinent. By establishing a madrasa, he aimed to encourage the study of Arabic and Persian, which were considered important languages for understanding the region's history, religion, and literature.

3. Strengthening Administration: The establishment of a madrasa also had administrative implications. It helped the British colonial administration to recruit individuals proficient in Arabic and Persian languages for various administrative roles. This would enable efficient communication and interaction with the local population, especially in matters related to law, governance, and diplomacy.

In conclusion, Warren Hastings set up a madrasa in Calcutta in 1781 to promote the study of Arabic and Persian languages, facilitate cultural exchange, promote oriental studies, and strengthen the administration of British Bengal.