All questions of Political Dynamics for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Disqualification on the ground of defection for a Member of Parliament will not apply if he goes out of his party as a result of a merger of the party with another party. This exemption is provided under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which deals with anti-defection laws.

Explanation:
- The Tenth Schedule was added to the Constitution in 1985 to address the issue of political defections, which were seen as a threat to the stability of government.
- The Schedule lays down the procedure for disqualification of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the grounds of defection.
- Defection is defined as voluntarily giving up the membership of a political party or disobeying the directives of the party leadership on a vote in the house.
- However, there are certain exceptions to the rule of disqualification on the grounds of defection. One such exception is provided under clause (4) of the Schedule, which states that a member shall not be disqualified if he goes out of his party as a result of a merger of the party with another party.
- This means that if a political party merges with another party and a member of that party decides to join the new merged party, he will not be disqualified for defection under the Schedule.
- This exception is based on the rationale that if two parties merge, the resulting new party is essentially a continuation of the old parties and the members of the old parties should not be penalized for joining the new party.
- However, this exemption is subject to certain conditions, such as the merger must be approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the original party and the member must not hold any office in the new party other than that of a mere member.
- Therefore, if a member of parliament goes out of his party as a result of a merger with another party, he will not be disqualified for defection under the Tenth Schedule.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Both I and II.

Explanation:
Statement I: The anti-defection law gives for the first time a clear cut constitutional recognition to the existence of political parties.
- This statement is correct. The anti-defection law was passed in 1985 as the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution. It was introduced to address the issue of defections by Members of Parliament and State Legislatures. This law recognizes the existence of political parties and provides provisions to curb defections.

Statement II: The total number of ministers including the Prime Minister in the central council of ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha.
- This statement is also correct. According to Article 75(1) of the Indian Constitution, the total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the central council of ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. This provision ensures that the size of the council of ministers does not become too large and helps in maintaining efficiency and accountability.

Therefore, both statements I and II are correct, and the correct answer is option 'A' - Both I and II.

Statement I: The provision of the Tenth Schedule pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of split by one-third members of legislature party has been deleted by the 91st Amendment.

Statement II: The Dinesh Goswami Committee, the Law Commission of India, and the Constitutional Review Commission recommended omission of the provision of the Tenth Schedule pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of splits.

Explanation:
The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India, also known as the Anti-Defection Law, was inserted by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985. It was introduced to curb the evil of political defections, which were seen as a threat to the political stability and integrity of the country.

Statement I: The provision of the Tenth Schedule pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of a split by one-third members of the legislature party has been deleted by the 91st Amendment.

This statement is true. The 91st Amendment Act, 2003 amended the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution and removed the provision that allowed exemption from disqualification in case of a split by one-third members of the legislature party. The amendment made it clear that a member of a House belonging to any political party would be disqualified if he voluntarily gives up his membership of that party.

Statement II: The Dinesh Goswami Committee, the Law Commission of India, and the Constitutional Review Commission recommended the omission of the provision of the Tenth Schedule pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of splits.

This statement is also true. The Dinesh Goswami Committee, the Law Commission of India, and the Constitutional Review Commission all recommended the omission of the provision of the Tenth Schedule pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of splits. These recommendations were made to strengthen the Anti-Defection Law and prevent political defections for personal gains.

Conclusion:
Both statements I and II are individually true. Statement II provides the correct explanation for Statement I. The 91st Amendment Act deleted the provision of exemption from disqualification in case of a split by one-third members of the legislature party, and this deletion was recommended by the Dinesh Goswami Committee, the Law Commission of India, and the Constitutional Review Commission.

Contest Elections:
Pressure groups are different from political parties in that they do not directly contest elections. While political parties aim to gain power through winning elections and forming governments, pressure groups focus on influencing government policy and decision-making from outside the political system.
Finance a Candidate:
Political parties often provide financial support to their candidates during election campaigns. In contrast, pressure groups do not typically provide financial backing to individual candidates. Instead, they focus on raising awareness, lobbying policymakers, and advocating for specific causes or interests.
Propagate a Policy:
Pressure groups work to promote specific policies or agendas that align with their goals and interests. They engage in activities such as research, advocacy, and public education to influence public opinion and government decision-making. While political parties also propagate policies, their primary focus is on winning elections and governing.
Resort to Mobilisation of Opinion:
Pressure groups rely on mobilizing public opinion to support their causes and put pressure on policymakers. They may organize protests, petitions, media campaigns, and other forms of advocacy to raise awareness and influence government action. Political parties, on the other hand, focus on mobilizing voters to support their candidates in elections.
In conclusion, pressure groups play a crucial role in shaping public policy and promoting specific interests, but they operate differently from political parties. While political parties prioritize electoral success and governance, pressure groups focus on advocacy, lobbying, and influencing government decisions without directly contesting elections.

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1 and 4.

Explanation:
The principles of Panchsheel, also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, were formulated and agreed upon by India and China in 1954. These principles served as the basis for peaceful relations between the two countries and later gained international recognition. The correct principles of Panchsheel are:

1. Peaceful coexistence:
This principle emphasizes the importance of maintaining peaceful relations between nations. It promotes the idea that countries should respect each other's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.

2. Mutual non-aggression:
This principle states that countries should refrain from using force or aggression against each other. It emphasizes the need for peaceful resolution of conflicts through dialogue and negotiation.

3. Mutual protection of indigenous population:
This principle is not part of the Panchsheel. It is not one of the five principles agreed upon by India and China in 1954.

4. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty:
This principle emphasizes the importance of respecting the boundaries and sovereignty of each nation. It promotes the idea that countries should not interfere in each other's internal affairs and should respect each other's territorial integrity.

5. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs:
This principle states that countries should not interfere in the internal affairs of other nations. It promotes the idea that each country has the right to determine its own political, economic, and social systems without external interference.

Therefore, the correct principles of the Panchsheel are peaceful coexistence (1) and mutual non-aggression (4).

Presiding Officer of the House

The question of disqualification of a member of Parliament arising on the ground of defection is decided by the Presiding Officer of the House. Let's understand why this is the correct answer.

Defection and Anti-Defection Law

Defection refers to the act of leaving one political party to join another or to form a new party. To curb this practice and maintain the stability of political parties and governments, the Anti-Defection Law was enacted in 1985 as the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India. This law sets out the provisions for disqualification of elected members on the grounds of defection.

Role of the Presiding Officer

The Presiding Officer of the House plays a crucial role in the implementation of the Anti-Defection Law. The Presiding Officer refers to the Speaker in the case of Lok Sabha and the Chairman in the case of Rajya Sabha. The role of the Presiding Officer includes the following:

1. Decision-making: The Presiding Officer has the authority to make the final decision on disqualification petitions filed against members of Parliament. The decision is based on the recommendations of the leader of the political party concerned or any other member.

2. Inquiry and Disqualification: The Presiding Officer conducts an inquiry to determine whether a member has incurred disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law. The inquiry involves providing an opportunity to the member to present his/her case and examining relevant evidence.

3. Timeframe for Decision: The Presiding Officer is required to decide on disqualification petitions in a timely manner. The law specifies a period of three months for the completion of an inquiry and giving a decision.

4. Judicial Review: The decision of the Presiding Officer can be challenged in the High Court and subsequently in the Supreme Court of India through a writ petition. The courts have the power of judicial review to examine whether the decision of the Presiding Officer is in accordance with the law.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the question of disqualification of a member of Parliament on the grounds of defection is decided by the Presiding Officer of the House. The Presiding Officer, either the Speaker or the Chairman, plays a crucial role in conducting an inquiry, making a decision, and ensuring the application of the Anti-Defection Law. The decision of the Presiding Officer can be subject to judicial review by the High Court and the Supreme Court.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'B' - The Representation of the People Act, 1951.

The registration of political parties in India is governed by the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This act provides the legal framework for elections in India and sets out the rules and regulations for the registration and functioning of political parties.

Registration Process:

The process of registration of political parties involves the following steps:

1. Eligibility Criteria: Political parties seeking registration must fulfill certain eligibility criteria as prescribed by the Election Commission of India (ECI). This includes having a minimum of 100 members who are registered voters, and these members should be from at least three different states.

2. Application: The political party must submit an application for registration to the Election Commission. The application should include the party's constitution, objectives, and rules governing its internal functioning.

3. Verification: The Election Commission verifies the application and checks if the party meets the eligibility criteria. It also examines the party's constitution and objectives to ensure they are not in violation of any laws.

4. Public Notice: Once the application is found to be in order, the Election Commission publishes a public notice inviting objections or suggestions from the public regarding the registration of the party. This is done to ensure transparency and give an opportunity for anyone who may have concerns about the party's registration.

5. Decision: After considering any objections or suggestions received, the Election Commission makes a decision on the registration of the political party. If the party meets all the requirements and there are no valid objections, it is registered as a political party.

Role of Election Commission:

The Election Commission plays a crucial role in the registration of political parties. It is responsible for examining the applications, verifying the eligibility criteria, and making the final decision on registration. The Election Commission ensures that the registration process is fair, transparent, and in accordance with the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the registration of political parties in India is done as per the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This act sets out the rules and regulations for the registration and functioning of political parties, and the Election Commission plays a key role in the registration process.

India's Hosting of Commonwealth Summit

In 2018, India hosted the 24th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in New Delhi. The theme of the summit was "Towards a Common Future".

About Commonwealth Summits

The Commonwealth Summit is a biennial meeting of the heads of government from all Commonwealth nations. The summit provides an opportunity for leaders to discuss issues of mutual concern and to make decisions on common goals and initiatives. The first Commonwealth Summit was held in 1971 in Singapore.

Previous Commonwealth Summits

Since the first summit in 1971, there have been a total of 25 Commonwealth Summits. The most recent summit, the 26th, was held in Kigali, Rwanda in 2021. The previous summits were:

- 1971: Singapore
- 1973: Ottawa, Canada
- 1975: Kingston, Jamaica
- 1977: London, UK
- 1979: Lusaka, Zambia
- 1981: Melbourne, Australia
- 1983: New Delhi, India
- 1985: Nassau, Bahamas
- 1987: Vancouver, Canada
- 1989: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 1991: Harare, Zimbabwe
- 1993: Limassol, Cyprus
- 1995: Auckland, New Zealand
- 1997: Edinburgh, UK
- 1999: Durban, South Africa
- 2002: Coolum, Australia
- 2003: Abuja, Nigeria
- 2005: Valletta, Malta
- 2007: Kampala, Uganda
- 2009: Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
- 2011: Perth, Australia
- 2013: Colombo, Sri Lanka
- 2015: Malta
- 2018: New Delhi, India
- 2021: Kigali, Rwanda

Conclusion

India has hosted the Commonwealth Summit once, in 2018. The summit provides an opportunity for leaders from Commonwealth nations to meet and discuss issues of mutual concern.

Primary Purpose of a Pressure Group
Pressure groups play a crucial role in influencing government policy decisions. The primary purpose of a pressure group is to bring pressure on the government to influence policy decisions. Here is a detailed explanation of why this is the primary goal of pressure groups:

Bringing Influence on Policy Decisions
Pressure groups aim to advocate for specific causes or interests and bring public attention to these issues. By mobilizing public opinion, they can put pressure on the government to address these concerns and make policy changes accordingly.

Acting as a Link between Citizens and Government
Pressure groups serve as a bridge between citizens and the government by representing the interests and concerns of the public. They provide a platform for citizens to voice their opinions and ensure that these views are taken into consideration when making policy decisions.

Holding Government Accountable
By monitoring government actions and policies, pressure groups help to hold the government accountable for its decisions. They can highlight any discrepancies or failures in policy implementation and push for necessary reforms or changes.

Ensuring Pluralism in Decision-Making
Pressure groups contribute to a pluralistic society by representing diverse interests and viewpoints. They ensure that all voices are heard in the policy-making process, leading to more comprehensive and inclusive decision-making.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the primary purpose of a pressure group is to bring pressure on the government to influence policy decisions. By advocating for specific causes, representing the interests of the public, and holding the government accountable, pressure groups play a vital role in shaping government policies and ensuring a more democratic and responsive governance system.

Human Rights Protection Law in India was passed in the year 1993.

Explanation:

The Human Rights Protection Law in India, also known as the Protection of Human Rights Act, was enacted by the Parliament of India in 1993. This law was passed to establish the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) for the protection and promotion of human rights in the country.

1. Background:
- Prior to the enactment of this law, there was no dedicated institution to address human rights violations in India.
- The need for a comprehensive legislation to safeguard human rights was recognized both at the national and international levels.

2. Introduction of the Law:
- The Protection of Human Rights Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 1991.
- After detailed discussions and deliberations, the Bill was passed by both the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) in 1993.
- It received the assent of the President of India on 28th September 1993, thereby becoming an Act.

3. Key Provisions of the Law:
- The law provides for the establishment of the NHRC at the national level, and SHRCs at the state level.
- The NHRC consists of a Chairperson and members appointed by the President of India.
- The SHRCs consist of a Chairperson and members appointed by the respective State Governments.
- These commissions are empowered to inquire into complaints of human rights violations, initiate suo moto investigations, and take necessary actions for the protection of human rights.

4. Functions and Powers of the Commissions:
- The commissions have the power to visit prisons, detention centers, and other places of custody to ensure the protection of human rights.
- They can also recommend measures for the effective implementation of human rights safeguards.
- The commissions have the authority to intervene in legal proceedings involving human rights violations and provide relief to the victims.

5. Impact and Significance:
- The establishment of the NHRC and SHRCs has played a crucial role in addressing human rights violations in India.
- These institutions have brought transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government and its agencies.
- They have been instrumental in securing justice for victims of human rights abuses and ensuring the protection of human rights in the country.

In conclusion, the Human Rights Protection Law in India was passed in 1993, leading to the establishment of the NHRC and SHRCs. This law has been instrumental in safeguarding human rights and promoting justice in the country.

Understanding Derecognition of Political Parties by the Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India has specific criteria under which a political party can be derecognized. The options presented in the question relate to these criteria:
1. Failure to Submit Poll Expenses
- Political parties are required to maintain transparency regarding their financial activities, including the submission of poll expenses.
- If a party fails to submit its election expenditure details, it can lead to derecognition as transparency is a fundamental aspect of electoral integrity.
2. Non-disclosure under the RTI Act
- While the Right to Information (RTI) Act mandates transparency, non-compliance with RTI requests does not directly lead to derecognition by the Election Commission.
- The Election Commission focuses on electoral conduct and financial reporting, rather than RTI compliance.
3. Failure to Win Any Seat in State Elections
- While not winning any seats may reflect poor electoral performance, it alone does not constitute grounds for derecognition.
- A party can continue to exist and participate in elections even if it fails to secure seats, as long as it meets other regulatory requirements.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- The correct answer is option 'C': "1 only." A political party can indeed be derecognized for failing to submit its poll expenses, but not for non-disclosure under the RTI Act or for failing to win seats. This emphasizes the importance of financial accountability in maintaining a political party's recognized status.

Chairman of First Finance Commission of Rajasthan
The first Finance Commission of Rajasthan was established to address the financial needs of the state and ensure equitable distribution of resources. The correct answer to the question about its Chairman is option 'A': Krishna Kumar Goyal.
Significance of the Finance Commission
- The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in fiscal federalism.
- It ensures that the distribution of financial resources aligns with the needs of the state.
Krishna Kumar Goyal's Role
- Krishna Kumar Goyal served as the Chairman of the First Finance Commission of Rajasthan.
- His leadership was instrumental in setting the framework for fiscal policies and resource allocation.
Objectives of the First Finance Commission
- To assess the financial position of the state and recommend measures to improve fiscal health.
- To provide recommendations on the distribution of taxes and grants-in-aid among various tiers of government.
Impact on Rajasthan's Financial Policy
- The recommendations made by the commission under Goyal's chairmanship were pivotal in shaping Rajasthan's development agenda.
- It helped in formulating strategies for improved governance and economic stability in the state.
In summary, Krishna Kumar Goyal's appointment as the Chairman of the First Finance Commission of Rajasthan marked a significant step towards enhancing the state's financial management and governance. His contributions laid a foundation for sustainable financial practices in the region.

The ex-officio members of the National Human Rights Commission are:

- Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities
- Chairman of the National Commission for SCs
- Chairman of the National Commission for STs
- Chairman of the National Commission for Women

Explanation:

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body in India that is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights. It was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

The NHRC consists of a Chairperson and four members. The Chairperson must be a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India, while the members must be serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts, or experts in the field of human rights. In addition to these members, there are also ex-officio members who are part of the NHRC.

The ex-officio members of the NHRC are individuals who hold positions in other commissions or bodies that are related to the protection of human rights. These members are included in the NHRC to ensure the representation of various sections of society and to bring their expertise and experience to the commission.

The ex-officio members of the NHRC include:

1. Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities: The National Commission for Minorities is a body that safeguards and protects the rights of religious and linguistic minorities in India. The Chairman of this commission is an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

2. Chairman of the National Commission for SCs: The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SCs) is responsible for monitoring and safeguarding the rights of Scheduled Castes, who are historically disadvantaged and oppressed communities in India. The Chairman of this commission is also an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

3. Chairman of the National Commission for STs: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (STs) is tasked with protecting and promoting the rights of Scheduled Tribes, who are indigenous communities in India. The Chairman of this commission is an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

4. Chairman of the National Commission for Women: The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a body that works towards the protection and promotion of women's rights in India. The Chairman of this commission is also an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission

Only a retired Chief Justice of India can be the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission. This is the correct answer as per the provisions of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

Explanation

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights in India. The NHRC consists of a Chairperson and other members appointed by the President of India.

The Chairperson of the NHRC is an important position as it is responsible for the overall functioning and leadership of the Commission. The qualifications and eligibility criteria for the Chairperson are specified in Section 3(2) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

According to Section 3(2) of the Act, the Chairperson of the NHRC should be a retired Chief Justice of India. This means that only a retired Chief Justice of India is eligible to hold the position of the Chairperson.

This provision ensures that the Chairperson of the NHRC is someone with extensive experience and knowledge of the law, particularly in relation to human rights. As the highest judicial authority in the country, a retired Chief Justice of India is well-equipped to understand and address complex human rights issues.

The requirement of a retired Chief Justice of India as the Chairperson also ensures the independence and impartiality of the NHRC. As a former Chief Justice of India, the Chairperson is likely to have a reputation for integrity and fairness, which is crucial for the effective functioning of the Commission.

Therefore, the correct option is B) Only a retired Chief Justice of India.

The correct answer is option C, 1961.

- The National Integration Council (NIC) is a non-statutory advisory body that was constituted to address issues related to national integration in India. It acts as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on matters of national importance and aims to promote unity, harmony, and social cohesion in the country.

- The NIC was first constituted in the year 1961 by the Government of India. It was established in response to the need for a platform where leaders from various political, social, and religious backgrounds could come together to discuss and resolve issues related to national integration.

- The formation of the NIC was prompted by the growing concerns about communal tensions and regional conflicts that were prevalent in the country during that time. The government recognized the importance of fostering a sense of national unity and inclusiveness among the diverse population of India.

- The NIC is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and consists of members from different political parties, religious groups, social organizations, and other stakeholders. It provides a platform for open and constructive discussions on issues such as communal harmony, linguistic and regional integration, social justice, and equal opportunities for all citizens.

- The NIC meets periodically to deliberate on various matters and make recommendations to the government. It plays a crucial role in promoting mutual understanding, tolerance, and cooperation among different sections of society. The council also helps in formulating policies and programs aimed at promoting national integration and strengthening the fabric of the nation.

In conclusion, the National Integration Council was first constituted in the year 1961 to address issues related to national integration in India. It serves as a platform for dialogue and deliberation among leaders from various backgrounds and plays a crucial role in promoting unity, harmony, and social cohesion in the country.

Non-alignment and its Concept

Non-alignment is a policy adopted by countries that choose not to align themselves with any of the major power blocs in the world. It involves the rejection of military alliances and the pursuit of an independent foreign policy. Non-alignment emerged as a concept during the Cold War when the world was divided into two major power blocs - the United States-led Western Bloc and the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc.

Non-Alignment and its Components

Foreign Aid from all available sources: Non-alignment involves seeking aid from all available sources, irrespective of their political alignment. Non-aligned countries do not limit themselves to seeking aid from any particular bloc or country. They seek aid from both the Western and Eastern Blocs, as well as from other countries.

Non-Involvement in Military Alliances: Non-alignment involves the rejection of military alliances and the pursuit of an independent foreign policy. Non-aligned countries do not participate in any military alliance that is formulated in the context of the Cold War. They pursue their own foreign policy, which is not influenced by any major power bloc.

Demand for a Better Deal from the North or South Countries: Non-alignment involves demanding a better deal from both the North and South countries. Non-aligned countries seek to promote their interests and ensure that they are not exploited by any major power bloc or country.

What Does Not Come Under Non-alignment?

Faith in Isolationism: Isolationism involves the policy of remaining separate from the affairs of other countries. It is not a part of non-alignment, which involves seeking aid from all available sources and promoting the interests of non-aligned countries. Non-alignment involves engaging with other countries, but not aligning oneself with any major power bloc or country.

Explanation:
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization founded in Shanghai, China, on 15 June 2001. It is a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance comprising eight countries: China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Statement 1: It is an intergovernmental organization to promote cooperation in trade, politics, and culture.
This statement is correct. The SCO was formed to promote cooperation among member countries in various fields such as trade, politics, and culture. The SCO has been working towards promoting regional security, stability, and economic development through cooperation among member nations.

Statement 2: The Anti-Terrorist structure of SCO is located in Beijing.
This statement is incorrect. The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of the SCO is located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, not in Beijing, China. RATS is responsible for coordinating and implementing the SCO's counter-terrorism policies and strategies.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A, i.e., statement 1 only.

The correct answer is option 'C', which states that cyber-security threat is not considered or confronted by the National Integration Council. The National Integration Council (NIC) is a government body in India that aims to address and resolve issues related to the integration of diverse communities and regions of the country. It was established in 1961 and consists of representatives from political parties, religious groups, academia, and civil society.

Linguism:
Linguism refers to discrimination or prejudice based on language. In a country as linguistically diverse as India, where multiple languages are spoken, language-based discrimination can be a significant challenge to national integration. The National Integration Council recognizes the importance of addressing linguism and works towards promoting harmony and equality among different linguistic communities.

Casteism:
Casteism is a social issue deeply rooted in the Indian society, where individuals are discriminated against based on their caste. The caste system has been a long-standing challenge to national integration, as it creates social divisions and hinders the progress and unity of the country. The National Integration Council recognizes the importance of eradicating casteism and works towards creating a more inclusive and equal society.

Threat of Regional Violence:
The threat of regional violence refers to conflicts and tensions between different regions or states within the country. Regionalism can sometimes lead to violence and disruption of peace, which poses a challenge to national integration. The National Integration Council aims to address and resolve such regional tensions through dialogue, negotiation, and policy interventions.

Cyber-security Threat:
Cyber-security threats, on the other hand, are not directly related to national integration. While cyber-security is an important issue for the overall security and well-being of the nation, it is not specifically within the purview of the National Integration Council. Cyber-security threats are typically addressed by specialized agencies and departments, such as the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, and various law enforcement agencies.

In conclusion, the National Integration Council primarily focuses on addressing issues related to linguism, casteism, and the threat of regional violence. While cyber-security is an important concern, it falls under the domain of specialized agencies and departments rather than the National Integration Council.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'B', which is the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution of India. This amendment sought to curb political defection in India.

Background:
Political defection refers to the act of elected representatives changing their political party affiliation or leaving their party to join another party. It often leads to instability in the government and undermines the democratic process. In India, political defection has been a significant issue since the early years of independence.

Key Points:

1. 52nd Amendment:
- The 52nd Amendment to the Constitution of India was enacted in 1985.
- It introduced the Tenth Schedule, popularly known as the Anti-Defection Law, in the Indian Constitution.
- The amendment sought to address the problem of political defection by disqualifying elected representatives who defected from their party.
- It aimed to provide stability to the government and promote party discipline.

2. The Anti-Defection Law:
- The Tenth Schedule, introduced by the 52nd Amendment, contains provisions regarding the disqualification of elected members on the grounds of defection.
- According to the law, if an elected member voluntarily gives up the membership of their party or votes against the party's directions, they can be disqualified from holding their office.
- The law applies to both Parliament and state legislatures.
- It prohibits defection by elected members and imposes penalties for defection, including the loss of membership and disqualification from holding any office.
- However, there are certain exceptions to the law, such as when a party merges with another party.

3. Importance and Impact:
- The 52nd Amendment and the Anti-Defection Law have played a crucial role in curbing political defection in India.
- They have helped in maintaining stability in the government and ensuring party discipline.
- By disqualifying defectors, the law acts as a deterrent and discourages elected representatives from switching parties for personal gain or political opportunism.
- The law has also led to legal battles and controversies, with various cases challenging its constitutional validity and interpretation.

In conclusion, the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced the Anti-Defection Law, which sought to curb political defection in the country. This amendment and the subsequent law have been instrumental in maintaining stability and promoting party discipline in the Indian political system.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Central Government.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is an autonomous body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It is responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights in India. The NHRC consists of a Chairperson and other members, whose salaries, allowances, and other service conditions are determined by the Central Government.

Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is option 'D':

1. The NHRC is an autonomous body: The NHRC is an independent institution that operates separately from the government. It is not directly controlled by the President of India, Parliament of India, or the Chairman of NHRC. This independence ensures that the NHRC can function impartially and effectively in its mandate to protect human rights.

2. Determination of salaries and allowances: The salaries, allowances, and other service conditions of the members of the NHRC are determined by the Central Government. This means that the Ministry of Home Affairs, which is responsible for the administration of the NHRC, has the authority to decide the remuneration and perks for the members.

3. Reasons for Central Government's role: The involvement of the Central Government in determining the salaries and allowances of NHRC members is essential for several reasons:

a) Budgetary control: The Central Government is responsible for allocating funds to various autonomous bodies, including the NHRC. By determining the salaries and allowances, the government can ensure that the financial resources are allocated efficiently and in accordance with the overall budgetary framework.

b) Accountability and oversight: The Central Government plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and oversight of the NHRC. By having the authority to determine the service conditions, the government can exercise control over the functioning of the NHRC and ensure that it operates within the legal and constitutional framework.

c) Uniformity and consistency: The involvement of the Central Government in determining the salaries and allowances of NHRC members ensures uniformity and consistency across different autonomous bodies. This helps in avoiding disparities and maintaining a standardized approach in terms of remuneration and perks.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'D' - Central Government. The salaries, allowances, and other service conditions of the members of the National Human Rights Commission are determined by the Central Government to ensure accountability, budgetary control, and uniformity.

's approach towards its neighboring countries, particularly smaller ones.
The doctrine emphasizes on non-reciprocity and goodwill gestures towards smaller countries.
It advocates for resolving bilateral issues through peaceful means and mutual understanding.
The doctrine also emphasizes on respecting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of neighboring countries.

Overall, the Gujral Doctrine aims to promote regional cooperation and mutual trust among neighboring countries, with India taking the lead in fostering positive relations. It is based on the principles of non-interference, non-reciprocity, and non-violence.

India's Membership in the Commonwealth of Nations

Introduction:
India, despite being a Republican State, is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organization consisting of 54 member countries, most of which were former territories of the British Empire. The head of the Commonwealth is the British Monarch. The correct answer to why India is a member of the Commonwealth is option 'A', as explained below.

Explanation:
1. Sovereign Nature of the Indian Republic:
- India's membership in the Commonwealth does not affect the sovereign nature of the Indian Republic.
- The Indian Constitution clearly establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
- The membership in the Commonwealth is a voluntary association, and India retains full control over its internal and external affairs.
- This means that India can make independent decisions and policies without any interference from the British Monarch or any other member of the Commonwealth.

2. Historical Context:
- India's membership in the Commonwealth has its roots in its colonial past when it was ruled by the British Empire.
- India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947, and became a sovereign nation.
- However, India chose to remain a member of the Commonwealth after independence, mainly due to the historical ties, shared values, and cultural connections with other member countries.
- The membership in the Commonwealth reflects the historical relationship between India and the British Empire, but it does not undermine India's status as a republic.

3. Symbol of Unity:
- India's membership in the Commonwealth is also a symbol of unity among the member countries.
- The Commonwealth aims to promote cooperation, democracy, human rights, and economic development among its members.
- By being a member, India actively participates in various Commonwealth activities and contributes to the objectives of the organization.
- The membership provides India with opportunities to engage with other member countries, exchange ideas, and collaborate on common issues of interest.

Conclusion:
India's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations does not affect its sovereign nature as a republic. It is a voluntary association that reflects historical ties, shared values, and cultural connections. India's participation in the Commonwealth is a symbol of unity among the member countries and allows for cooperation and collaboration on common issues.

Explanation of the correct answer:
Pressure groups are not primarily focused on acquiring, consolidating, and extending political power. Their main goal is to influence decision-makers in favor of their specific interests rather than seeking political power for themselves. Here's a breakdown of the characteristics of a pressure group:

A major objective of a pressure group is to acquire, consolidate and extend political power:
- Pressure groups do not aim to acquire political power themselves but rather seek to influence those in power to align with their interests.
- They often use various tactics such as lobbying, public campaigns, and advocacy to achieve their goals.

A pressure group aims at projecting and fulfilling specific interests:
- Pressure groups represent specific interests such as environmental protection, labor rights, or business interests.
- They work to advance these interests through influencing policy decisions and shaping public opinion.

A pressure group seeks to influence decision-makers in a manner favorable to its specific interests:
- The main purpose of a pressure group is to influence policymakers, lawmakers, and other decision-makers to support their causes.
- They use various strategies to make their voices heard and push for policies that benefit their members or constituents.

A pressure group is generally too limited in its organization and goals to be mistaken for a bonafide political party:
- Pressure groups are usually focused on specific issues or interests and do not have the broad platform or goals of a political party.
- They do not seek to govern or hold political office but rather work to influence the political process from the outside.

Assertion (A): Pressure groups involve themselves in politics and policy-making process in India through direct and indirect means.

Reason (R): They aspire to come to power to achieve their goals.

The correct answer is option 'C', that is, A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

Pressure Groups in India:
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals with common interests and goals. They aim to influence the government and policy-making process in order to promote their interests. These groups can be classified into two types: sectional pressure groups and promotional pressure groups.

Direct Means of Involvement:
1. Lobbying: Pressure groups directly engage with policymakers and politicians to influence their decision-making. They provide information, research, and expertise on specific issues to sway the outcomes in their favor.
2. Protests and Demonstrations: Pressure groups often organize protests, strikes, and demonstrations to draw attention to their concerns and create public pressure for policy changes.
3. Advocacy and Public Relations: They engage in public campaigns, media outreach, and social media to raise awareness about their issues, gain public support, and influence public opinion.

Indirect Means of Involvement:
1. Election Campaigns: Pressure groups support political parties or candidates who align with their interests. They may provide financial support, campaign volunteers, or endorsements, indirectly influencing the political landscape.
2. Policy Research and Advocacy: These groups conduct research, publish reports, and provide policy recommendations to influence the government's decision-making process.
3. Judicial Interventions: Pressure groups may approach the courts to seek legal remedies or challenge government policies that are contrary to their interests.

Aspiration for Power:
While pressure groups aim to influence politics and policies, their primary objective is not to come to power themselves. Their focus is on promoting their specific interests and influencing the decision-making process. While some pressure groups may have political ambitions, it is not a universal characteristic of all pressure groups.

Conclusion:
Pressure groups involve themselves in politics and policy-making through direct and indirect means to influence the government and achieve their goals. However, their involvement does not necessarily imply an aspiration for power. Therefore, Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Explanation:

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. Let's break down the statement and analyze each part:

Assertion (A): Regionalism in Indian politics reflects the cultural diversity of the country.

This statement is true. India is a culturally diverse country with a rich heritage and a diverse population comprising various ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. This diversity is reflected in the regional politics of India, where political parties and leaders often align themselves with specific regional identities and issues. Regionalism in Indian politics is a manifestation of the cultural diversity and distinct identities present within the country.

Reason (R): Political leaders whip up ethnic identities.

This statement is also true. In Indian politics, political leaders often try to mobilize support by appealing to ethnic identities and regional aspirations. They may use language, symbols, and cultural references associated with specific regions or communities to establish a connection with the electorate. By emphasizing regional identities, political leaders can gain support and consolidate their vote bank within a particular region. However, this reason alone does not fully explain why regionalism exists in Indian politics.

Analysis:

While it is true that political leaders whip up ethnic identities to gain support, it is not the only reason for the existence of regionalism in Indian politics. Regionalism is deeply rooted in the diverse cultural, linguistic, and historical backgrounds of different regions in India. It is a reflection of the aspirations, grievances, and demands of the people belonging to specific regions. Factors such as economic disparities, historical grievances, linguistic differences, and cultural distinctiveness also contribute to the rise of regionalism in Indian politics.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Assertion (A) is true as regionalism in Indian politics reflects the cultural diversity of the country. Reason (R) is also true as political leaders do whip up ethnic identities to gain support. However, Reason (R) alone does not provide a comprehensive explanation for the existence of regionalism in Indian politics. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.