All questions of The Sangam Age for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Sangam town famous for pearls and muslins

The Sangam period refers to the time between 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE in South India. During this period, many towns emerged as centers of trade and commerce. One such town was Uraiyur, which was famous for its pearls and muslins.

Uraiyur

Uraiyur was an ancient town located near present-day Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu. It was the capital of the early Chola dynasty and was an important center of trade and commerce during the Sangam period.

Pearls

Uraiyur was famous for its pearls, which were obtained from the nearby pearl banks in the Bay of Bengal. The pearls were highly valued and were used as currency in trade.

Muslins

Uraiyur was also famous for its muslins, which were as thin as the skin of a snake. Muslin is a cotton fabric that originated in the Indian subcontinent and was highly valued in ancient times. The muslins produced in Uraiyur were known for their fine quality and were in great demand in foreign markets.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Uraiyur was a prominent Sangam town that was famous for its pearls and muslins. The town was an important center of trade and commerce during the Sangam period and played a significant role in the economic and cultural development of South India.

Pandyan King mentioned in Silappadikaram is Nedunjeliyan.

Explanation:
Silappadikaram is one of the five great epics of Tamil literature. It was written by Ilango Adigal during the Sangam period. The story revolves around the characters Kannagi, Kovalan, and Madhavi.

The Pandyan king who is mentioned in Silappadikaram is Nedunjeliyan. He was the ruler of Madurai during the Sangam period. He is known for his patronage of Tamil literature and art.

Some of the notable achievements of Nedunjeliyan are:

• Conquered the Chera and Chola kingdoms and expanded the Pandyan Empire.
• Built the Nedunchezhian palace in Madurai, which was known for its grandeur and beauty.
• Commissioned the Manimekalai, a Tamil epic poem, which was a sequel to Silappadikaram.
• Developed the port city of Korkai, which was an important center for trade and commerce.

Nedunjeliyan was a patron of Tamil literature and is known to have supported poets and writers. He also encouraged the translation of Sanskrit works into Tamil.

In Silappadikaram, Nedunjeliyan is mentioned in various contexts. He is mentioned as a powerful king who is feared by his enemies. He is also portrayed as a just ruler who punishes the wrongdoers and protects the weak. Overall, Nedunjeliyan is depicted as a great king who is respected by his subjects and admired by his contemporaries.

Assertion and Reasoning questions are designed to test the candidate's understanding of the subject matter. In this question, the assertion is about the selling methods of merchants and the reason provided is about the functioning of merchants in a group. Let's analyze the given assertion and reasoning:

Assertion A: Merchants sold their goods by openly announcing the profit they were aiming at.

This assertion is related to the selling methods of merchants. It implies that merchants were transparent about the profit they aimed to make from the sale of their goods. This assertion is true and is supported by historical evidence.

Reason R: Merchants functioned often in a body, which was known as Vanikachattu.

This reasoning is related to the functioning of merchants. It implies that merchants often worked in groups called Vanikachattu. This reasoning is also true and is supported by historical evidence.

Now, let's analyze whether the reasoning explains the assertion or not.

If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

This option is the correct answer. The reasoning provided in R is not directly related to the assertion in A. While it is true that merchants often functioned in groups, it does not directly explain why they openly announced the profit they aimed to make. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

To summarize, Assertion and Reasoning questions require careful analysis of both the statements. In this case, the assertion and reasoning are both true, but the reasoning does not directly explain the assertion. Candidates should be cautious while attempting such questions and analyze the statements logically.

It was called pandya-kavada in the kapatapuram in kalithogai. It is situated about 3km north of the Thamirabarani and about 6km from the shore of Bay of Bengal.

Yavanapriya refers to pepper, which was highly valued in ancient India, especially during the period of the Mauryan Empire. The term Yavanapriya means "beloved by foreigners," indicating that pepper was highly prized by traders from other regions.

Importance of Pepper in Ancient India

Pepper was valued for its medicinal properties and was used in the treatment of various ailments. It was also used as a spice to enhance the flavor of food. Pepper was an important commodity in ancient India, and it was traded extensively with other regions. The trade in pepper was a major source of revenue for the Indian economy.

Pepper in Trade Relations

Pepper was one of the key commodities that were traded between India and other countries. It was exported to various regions, including Europe, China, and the Middle East. The trade in pepper was a major factor in the development of trade relations between India and other countries.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Yavanapriya refers to pepper, which was highly valued in ancient India. Pepper was an important commodity in the Indian economy, and it was extensively traded with other regions. The trade in pepper was a major factor in the development of trade relations between India and other countries.

-The material was first made in the city of Mosul (now in Iraq), from which it derived its name. Early Indian muslins were handwoven of extremely fine handspun yarns. They were imported into Europe from India in the 17th century and were later manufactured in Scotland and England.

The great centre of cotton trade

Introduction:
The great centre of cotton trade in ancient India refers to a place that played a significant role in the trade of cotton during that time. Among the given options, Uraiyur is considered the correct answer for being a prominent centre of cotton trade. Let's explore the reasons behind this choice.

Uraiyur:
Uraiyur, also known as Thiruvaiyaru, was an important city located in present-day Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the early Chola dynasty and served as a major centre for cotton trade during ancient times.

Reasons for Uraiyur being a great centre of cotton trade:
1. Geographical location: Uraiyur was strategically located on the banks of the River Kaveri, which provided easy access to transportation and trade. This proximity to a major river allowed for the smooth movement of goods, including cotton.

2. Agricultural fertility: The region surrounding Uraiyur was known for its fertile land, ideal for cotton cultivation. The availability of abundant raw cotton encouraged the growth of cotton-based industries and trade in the area.

3. Skilled craftsmanship: Uraiyur was home to skilled artisans and weavers who were experts in producing high-quality cotton textiles. The city's reputation for producing fine cotton fabrics attracted traders from various parts of India and beyond, contributing to its prominence as a centre of cotton trade.

4. Exchange of goods: Uraiyur's strategic location and vibrant trade network facilitated the exchange of cotton textiles with other regions. The city acted as a nexus for trade routes connecting different parts of South India, including the ports along the eastern and western coasts.

5. Cultural significance: Uraiyur was not only a commercial hub but also a cultural center. The city hosted various festivals and cultural events, attracting traders, merchants, and visitors from different regions. This cultural vibrancy further enhanced the city's status as a centre of cotton trade.

Conclusion:
Uraiyur, with its advantageous geographical location, fertile agricultural land, skilled craftsmanship, and vibrant trade network, emerged as a great centre of cotton trade in ancient India. The city's prominence in cotton trade contributed significantly to its economic growth and cultural importance during that period.

Amaichchar was the correct Tamil designation of the ministers during the Sangam age. The Sangam age was a period in the history of Tamil Nadu in southern India, which lasted from around the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. During this time, the Tamil people developed a sophisticated society with a well-organized system of governance. The ministers in the Sangam age were known as amaichchar, and they played a key role in the administration of the state. They were responsible for advising the king on matters of state and for implementing his decisions. The other terms listed (surram, mantri, and amatya) are not known to have been used as the Tamil designation of ministers during the Sangam age.

Answer is a here

The chief deity of the Sangam age was Murugan. Murugan is a popular deity in the Tamil tradition and is considered as the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. He is also known by various names such as Kartikeya, Skanda, and Subramanya.

During the Sangam age, which is believed to have lasted from 300 BCE to 300 CE, the Tamil society was highly influenced by religion and spirituality. The Sangam literature, which consists of various poems and literary works, provides insights into the religious and cultural practices of that time.

Explanation:
1. Sangam Age:
- The Sangam Age refers to the period of ancient Tamil history when the Sangam literature was produced.
- It is considered as a golden age of Tamil literature and is divided into three periods known as Sangam eras.

2. Sangam Literature:
- The Sangam literature consists of poems and literary works composed by Tamil poets during the Sangam Age.
- These poems provide valuable information about the social, political, and cultural aspects of the time.

3. Deities in Sangam Age:
- The Sangam literature mentions various deities worshipped during that time.
- Among them, Murugan was considered as the chief deity and held great significance in the Tamil tradition.

4. Murugan as the Chief Deity:
- Murugan was highly revered as the god of war, victory, and valor.
- He was often depicted as a young and handsome warrior with six faces and twelve arms, riding a peacock.
- Murugan was believed to protect the Tamil land and its people from enemies and evil forces.

5. Worship and Festivals:
- The worship of Murugan involved elaborate rituals and ceremonies.
- Temples dedicated to Murugan were built, and regular offerings and prayers were made.
- Festivals like Thaipusam, which is still celebrated today, were dedicated to Murugan and involved devotees piercing their bodies with hooks or spears as acts of penance and devotion.

Conclusion:
Murugan, also known as Kartikeya or Skanda, was the chief deity of the Sangam Age. His worship and significance can be seen in the Sangam literature and the religious practices of that time. He was revered as the god of war and protection, and his temples and festivals played an important role in the religious and cultural life of the Tamil people during the Sangam Age.

Imayavaramban - The Chera Monarch

The Chera dynasty was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled over the region of present-day Kerala in South India. The Chera kings were known for their patronage of arts, trade, and diplomacy. One of the notable Chera monarchs was Imayavaramban, who is often referred to as the king who had the Himalayas as his boundary and carved the Chera emblem of the bow on the face of the great mountain.

1. Imayavaramban - The Monarch
Imayavaramban was a title given to the Chera king who ruled during the Sangam period of Tamil literature. The Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the history, culture, and administration of the ancient Tamil kingdoms. Imayavaramban is believed to have ruled during the early Sangam period, which dates back to around 300 BCE to 300 CE.

2. Chera Dynasty and its Boundaries
The Chera dynasty had its capital at Karur, which is located in present-day Tamil Nadu. The Chera kingdom extended from the Arabian Sea in the west to the Western Ghats in the east. The exact extent of the Chera kingdom's northern boundary is a subject of debate among historians.

3. The Himalayas as the Boundary
According to historical accounts, Imayavaramban was known for extending the boundaries of the Chera kingdom to the northernmost reaches of the Himalayas. This suggests that the Chera kingdom, under Imayavaramban's rule, had a vast territory that spanned from the Arabian Sea in the south to the Himalayas in the north.

4. Carving the Chera Emblem on the Mountain
Another significant aspect of Imayavaramban's reign was his association with the Chera emblem, which was a bow. It is believed that Imayavaramban carved the Chera emblem on the face of the great mountain, symbolizing the Chera kingdom's dominance and power. The exact location of this carving is not specified in historical records.

Conclusion
Imayavaramban, the Chera monarch, is remembered for his extensive kingdom that stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Himalayas. He is also credited with carving the Chera emblem of the bow on the face of a mountain, symbolizing the power and glory of the Chera dynasty. Imayavaramban's reign is significant in the history of the Chera dynasty and showcases their achievements in trade, diplomacy, and territorial expansion.

Statement A: In the Sangam period the Vellals were the biggest land-owning class and on account of their land ownership they enjoyed high position in the administration and government.

Statement R: There are no references to Serfs but the status of agricultural labor was no better than that of serfs.

Explanation:
• The statement A is true that during the Sangam period, the Vellals were the biggest land-owning class, and because of their land ownership, they enjoyed a high position in the administration and government.
• The Vellalars were a wealthy and socially dominant group of people who owned large tracts of land in the Tamil region.
• The Vellalars were considered superior to other groups and enjoyed many privileges and rights due to their land ownership.
• The statement R is also true that there are no references to serfs in the Sangam period, but the status of agricultural labor was no better than that of serfs.
• The agricultural laborers were in a vulnerable position in society and were at the mercy of their landlords.
• They were not considered slaves but were bound to their landowners and were forced to work in their fields.
• They had to pay a portion of their harvest as rent to their landlords, and they could not leave their land without the permission of their landlords.
• Although they were not slaves, they had no freedom and were dependent on their landlords for their survival.
• Therefore, statement A and R are both true, but R is not the correct explanation of A because the status of agricultural laborers was not related to the high position of Vellalars in the administration and government.

King Senuguttuvan, the brother of Ilango, was a Chera king who ruled in the Sangam period. He is mentioned in the Sangam literature as a patron of poets and a great warrior. He is also believed to have been a contemporary of the famous Chola king Karikala.

Explanation:

- The Sangam literature is a collection of Tamil literature from the ancient Sangam period in Tamil Nadu, India. It includes poems, songs, and epics that were composed by Tamil poets and bards between 300 BCE and 300 CE. The Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the social, cultural, and political life of the Tamil people during this period.
- Silappadikaram is one of the five great epics of Tamil literature. It was written by Ilango Adigal, who was the brother of King Senuguttuvan, a Chera king who ruled in the Sangam period. The epic tells the story of the life of Kovalan and his wife Kannagi, and their tragic end.
- King Senuguttuvan is mentioned in several Sangam poems and epics as a great patron of poets and a warrior. He is believed to have fought in several battles and conquered several kingdoms.
- According to the Sangam literature, King Senuguttuvan was a just and wise ruler who took care of his people and promoted the welfare of his kingdom. He is also said to have built several temples and other public works.
- King Senuguttuvan is believed to have been a contemporary of the famous Chola king Karikala. Karikala is also mentioned in the Sangam literature as a great warrior and ruler who expanded the Chola kingdom and defeated several other kingdoms.
- In conclusion, King Senuguttuvan, the brother of Ilango, was a Chera king who ruled in the Sangam period. He was a great patron of poets, a warrior, and a just and wise ruler. His reign is considered a golden period in the history of the Chera kingdom.

Explanation of the Statements
The two statements provided are related to the Sangam Period in South India, which is significant for its rich literary heritage and cultural development.
Statement-I Analysis
- The Sangam Period refers to a time in ancient South India (approximately 300 BCE to 300 CE) characterized by the flourishing of Tamil literature and culture.
- This period is indeed named after the Sangam academies that were established and supported by the Pandya dynasty in Madurai.
- Therefore, Statement-I is correct.
Statement-II Analysis
- The Sangam literature is a collection of Tamil poems and texts that include notable works such as Tolkappiyam (an ancient grammar text), Ettutogai (the Eight Anthologies), Pattuppattu (the Ten Idylls), and other significant texts like Silappathikaram and Manimegalai.
- These works provide deep insights into the social, political, and economic conditions of the time, reflecting the culture and life of the people.
- Hence, Statement-II is also correct.
Relationship Between the Statements
- While both statements are correct, Statement-II does not directly explain Statement-I. Statement-I states the origin of the term Sangam while Statement-II elaborates on the contents and significance of the Sangam literature.
- Therefore, the correct option is B: "Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I."
In conclusion, the Sangam Period is integral to understanding Tamil culture, and both statements accurately reflect its historical context and literary contributions.

The royal emblem for the Cheras was a bow. The Cheras were an ancient Tamil dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu in southern India. The bow was the symbol of the Chera kings and was depicted on their coins, inscriptions, and other royal insignia. The bow was a powerful and revered weapon in ancient India and was associated with the god Shiva, who was believed to have used it to defeat demons and protect the world from chaos. The Cheras used the bow as their royal emblem to symbolize their power and authority as rulers of their kingdom.

Incorrect Statement on Sangam History

The incorrect statement on Sangam history is option 'B' - The Sangam people did not worship Siva, Balaram, and Krishna.

Explanation

The Sangam period was an ancient period of Tamil Nadu's history that lasted from 300 BCE to 300 CE. It was characterized by the development of Tamil literature, trade, and culture. The Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the religious beliefs and practices of the people of that period.

Vishnu Worship with Tulsi was Popular among the Sangam People

Vishnu worship with Tulsi was popular among the Sangam people. The Tamil literature of the Sangam period refers to Vishnu's worship with Tulsi leaves. The Sangam literature also mentions Vishnu's ten Avatars, including Rama and Krishna.

Vedic Religion of Sacrifice was Followed by the Sangam Kings

The Sangam kings followed the Vedic religion of sacrifice. The Sangam literature mentions the performance of Yajnas or sacrifices by the kings to appease the gods.

Buddhism and Jainism Found a Foothold in the Land of Sangam People

Buddhism and Jainism found a foothold in the land of Sangam people. The Sangam literature mentions the presence of Buddhist and Jain monks and their teachings in Tamil Nadu during that period.

Conclusion

In conclusion, option 'B' is incorrect because the Sangam people did worship Siva, Balaram, and Krishna, as mentioned in the Sangam literature. However, the worship of Vishnu with Tulsi was more popular among them.

The Tolkappium of the second Sangam deals with Grammar.

The Tolkappium is an ancient Tamil work that is considered a key text in the Tolkappium tradition of grammar. It is one of the eight anthologies of Sangam literature, which is a collection of Tamil poetry and literature from the ancient Sangam period. The Sangam period is believed to have lasted from 300 BCE to 300 CE.

Sangam Literature and the Tolkappium:

1. Sangam Literature: Sangam literature refers to the collection of Tamil literature created by the Sangam poets during the Sangam period. It consists of diverse works, including poetry, anthologies, and treatises on various subjects.

2. The Tolkappium: The Tolkappium is a grammatical treatise that provides guidelines and rules for the composition and structure of Tamil poetry. It is primarily concerned with the rules of grammar and the proper usage of language in poetry.

Importance of the Tolkappium:

1. Preservation of Tamil Language: The Tolkappium played a crucial role in preserving the Tamil language and its grammar. It provides comprehensive guidelines for poets and writers to ensure the correct usage and structure of the language.

2. Standardization of Tamil Poetry: The Tolkappium helped in standardizing the rules and conventions of Tamil poetry. It established a set of guidelines for poets to follow, ensuring uniformity and consistency in the composition of literary works.

3. Influence on Tamil Literature: The Tolkappium's influence extends beyond its grammatical teachings. It had a significant impact on the development of Tamil literature by shaping the language and providing a framework for poetic expression.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Tolkappium of the second Sangam primarily deals with grammar. It is an important Tamil text that provides guidelines for the proper usage and structure of language in poetry. The Tolkappium played a crucial role in preserving the Tamil language and its grammar, standardizing Tamil poetry, and influencing the development of Tamil literature.

Heracles' Daughter and the Pandya Kingdom

Heracles, also known as Vasudeva Krishnas, was a legendary figure in ancient Greek mythology, and in the Indian context, he is identified with Lord Krishna. Magasthenes was an ancient Greek historian who visited India during the period of Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya's reign. He wrote about the Indian society, culture, and political system in his book Indica.

In his book, Magasthenes refers to the rule of Heracles' daughter, who was assigned villages to rule in the southern region of India. She was probably the founder of the Pandya kingdom, which was one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms that existed in the southern part of India.

Identifying Heracles' Daughter

The question asks to identify Heracles' daughter who was assigned villages to rule in the southern region of India and who was probably the founder of the Pandya kingdom. The options provided are:

a) Pandai
b) Panlavi
c) Maitri
d) Pandara

The correct answer is option 'A,' Pandai. Pandya is the name of the kingdom, and the founder's name is believed to be Pandai, which is a Tamil word meaning "ruler" or "leader." Pandai was believed to have been a princess from the Heracles dynasty who was sent to the southern region of India to establish a settlement.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Magasthenes' reference to Heracles' daughter and the Pandya kingdom provides an interesting insight into the ancient history of India. The identification of Pandai as the founder of the kingdom is significant as it highlights the role of women in ancient Indian society and politics.

< b="" />The script used in the earliest Tamil inscriptions was Brahmi.< />

The Brahmi script is one of the oldest writing systems in the Indian subcontinent and was used to write various ancient Indian languages including Tamil. It originated during the Mauryan period in the 3rd century BCE and spread across different regions, including South India.

< b="" />Origin and Development of Brahmi Script< />

The Brahmi script is believed to have evolved from the Aramaic script and was developed by the ancient Indian scholars. It was initially used to write Prakrit, the popular language of the time. Over time, it was adapted to write various regional languages, including Tamil.

< b="" />Adaptation of Brahmi for Tamil< />

When the Brahmi script was adapted for Tamil, some modifications were made to accommodate the unique phonetic sounds of the language. Tamil has a distinct set of consonants and vowels, and the Brahmi script was adapted to represent these sounds accurately.

< b="" />Earliest Tamil Inscriptions< />

The earliest Tamil inscriptions are found in the caves and rock-cut temples of Tamil Nadu. These inscriptions date back to the 2nd century BCE and provide valuable insights into the ancient Tamil society, culture, and political history. The inscriptions are mainly written in the Brahmi script.

< b="" />Significance of Brahmi Script in Tamil Inscriptions< />

The use of the Brahmi script in the earliest Tamil inscriptions is of great significance as it signifies the influence of the script in the region during that time. It also indicates the existence of a written tradition in Tamil Nadu, highlighting the importance of literacy and documentation in ancient Tamil society.

< b="" />Conclusion< />

In conclusion, the script used in the earliest Tamil inscriptions was the Brahmi script. It was adapted to accurately represent the phonetic sounds of the Tamil language. These inscriptions provide valuable information about the ancient Tamil society and highlight the significance of literacy and documentation in that era.

Assertion A:
The unit of revenue yielding territory was known as Variyam.

Reason R:
Brahmins were totally exempted from the payment of land revenue or other taxes.

Explanation:
The assertion A is correct. Variyam was a unit of revenue yielding territory during the medieval period in South India. A Variyam was a large village or a group of villages that was managed by an official appointed by the king. The Variyam was responsible for collecting land revenue and other taxes from the people living in the area under its control.

However, the reason R is false. Brahmins were not totally exempted from the payment of land revenue or other taxes. Brahmins, being a part of the society, were also liable to pay taxes. However, they were given certain privileges such as exemption from taxes on their religious endowments and lands. This was done to encourage the Brahmins to take up religious and educational activities that were considered beneficial for the society.

Therefore, the correct option is C, i.e., Assertion A is true, but Reason R is false.

The options seem wrong, correct order is

Explanation:

The Tamil work that throws light on India's flourishing trade with the Roman Empire is Silappadikaram.

Background:

Silappadikaram is one of the five great epics of Tamil literature. It was written by the Tamil poet Ilango Adigal in the 5th century CE. The work is divided into three books and tells the story of the lives of Kannagi and Kovalan. The epic also provides a wealth of information on the economic and social conditions of ancient Tamil Nadu.

Flourishing Trade:

Silappadikaram describes the flourishing trade between ancient India and the Roman Empire. The Chera king, Senguttuvan, is said to have sent an embassy to the Roman Emperor Augustus, bearing gifts of pearls, ivory, and peacocks. The embassy is said to have returned with Roman wine, gold, and a giraffe. This shows the extent of trade and diplomatic relations between ancient India and the Roman Empire.

The epic also describes the port city of Puhar (now known as Kaveripattinam) as a major hub of international trade. Merchants from various parts of the world, including the Roman Empire, China, and Southeast Asia, are said to have visited the city for trade. The city had a bustling market and was known for its textiles, pearls, and precious stones.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Silappadikaram is an important source of information on the economic and social conditions of ancient Tamil Nadu. It provides valuable insights into the flourishing trade between ancient India and the Roman Empire and highlights the importance of the port city of Puhar in facilitating this trade.

During the Sangam period, Uraiyur was a bustling trade center and was famous for its production of pearls and muslin. This answer can be explained in detail as follows:

Trade in Uraiyur during the Sangam period:
Uraiyur, also known as Puhar, was a major port city located on the banks of the river Kaveri in present-day Tamil Nadu. It was one of the prominent trading centers during the Sangam period, which spanned from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE. The city served as a hub for maritime trade, attracting merchants from various parts of the world.

Importance of pearls:
Pearls were highly valued during the Sangam period and were considered a symbol of wealth and luxury. Uraiyur had access to the rich pearl beds of the Gulf of Mannar, which made it a significant center for pearl trade. The city's strategic location on the coast facilitated the collection and distribution of pearls to other regions.

Production of muslin:
Muslin, a fine and delicate cotton fabric, was another important commodity produced in Uraiyur during the Sangam period. The city was renowned for its skilled weavers who produced high-quality muslin fabric. Muslin was highly sought after in the ancient world for its softness, lightness, and breathability. It was used to make garments, curtains, and other luxury items.

Reasons for Uraiyur's specialization in pearls and muslin:
1. Geographic Advantage: Uraiyur's proximity to the Gulf of Mannar gave it easy access to the pearl beds, allowing for efficient collection and trade of pearls. The city's location on the coast also facilitated the import of raw materials required for muslin production, such as cotton.

2. Skilled Artisans: Uraiyur had a large population of skilled craftsmen, including weavers and jewelers. These artisans had honed their craft over generations, leading to the production of high-quality pearls and muslin.

3. Demand and Trade Networks: The demand for pearls and muslin was high not only within the Indian subcontinent but also in the international trade networks. Uraiyur's position as a prominent port city allowed it to establish extensive trade links with other regions, enabling the export of pearls and muslin to distant markets.

In conclusion, Uraiyur's fame during the Sangam period for its production of pearls and muslin can be attributed to its geographic advantage, skilled artisans, and the high demand for these luxury goods in both regional and international trade networks.

The Pandya country, as per the traditions extended from the Podukottai district to Kanyakumari in south and Achankovil River in Kerala (west) to River Vegai (Madura) in East.
The kingdom was ordinarily divided into 5 principalities which were known as “Five Pandyas“.
The early days capital of Pandyas is Korkai.

Inland Capital of the Sangam Cholas

The Sangam Cholas were a dynasty that ruled over parts of southern India from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. They were known for their patronage of literature, art, and architecture. The inland capital of the Sangam Cholas was Uraiyur.

Uraiyur as the Capital

Uraiyur was located on the banks of the Kaveri River in present-day Tamil Nadu. It was an important center of trade and commerce, as well as a hub of political and cultural activity. The Sangam literature refers to Uraiyur as the capital of the Cholas.

Uraiyur's Significance

Uraiyur was an important city during the Sangam period, and it played a key role in the growth and development of the Chola dynasty. It was a center of learning and scholarship, and it was home to many poets, scholars, and artists. Uraiyur was also a center of trade and commerce, and it was known for its textiles, pottery, and metalwork.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Uraiyur was the inland capital of the Sangam Cholas. It was an important city during the Sangam period, and it played a key role in the growth and development of the Chola dynasty. Uraiyur was a center of learning and scholarship, as well as a hub of political and cultural activity. It was an important center of trade and commerce, and it was known for its textiles, pottery, and metalwork.

Nero was the fifth emperor of Rome. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of thirteen, and succeeded him to the throne. Nero seems to have been popular with his Praetorian guards, and with lower-class commoners in Rome and the provinces, but was deeply resented by the Roman aristocracy.

Assertion and Reason type questions require the candidate to evaluate both the assertion (statement) and the reason (explanation) given to them and determine the relationship between the two. Let us evaluate the given assertion and reason:

Assertion A: Uraiyur and Madurai were the leading centres of textile industry.

Reason R: Untouchability was practised but slavery was unknown.

Now, let us evaluate the options given to us:

a)If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

If both A and R are true and R correctly explains A, then the answer is a. However, we cannot say that the reason R is the correct explanation of the assertion A. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

b)If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A, then the answer is b. This is the correct option as Uraiyur and Madurai were indeed the leading centres of textile industry, but the reason given for it is not entirely correct.

c)If A is true and R is false.

If A is true and R is false, then the answer is c. However, the reason R is not entirely false. It is partially true as untouchability was indeed practised during that time.

d)If A is false and R is true.

If A is false and R is true, then the answer is d. However, the assertion A is true as Uraiyur and Madurai were indeed the leading centres of textile industry.

e)If both A and R are false.

If both A and R are false, then the answer is e. However, the assertion A is true as Uraiyur and Madurai were indeed the leading centres of textile industry, and the reason R is partially true as untouchability was practised during that time.

In conclusion, option b is the correct answer as both the assertion A and reason R are true but the reason R is not the correct explanation of the assertion A.

Assertion A:
- There was an utter lack of local administrative institutions and, therefore, urban centres were badly neglected.

Reason R:
- The revenue-free villages granted to Brahmins were called Brahmatyam.

The correct option is D - If A is false and R is true.

Explanation:
- Assertion A talks about the lack of local administrative institutions leading to the neglect of urban centres. However, this assertion is not related to the reason given in Reason R.
- Reason R talks about the revenue-free villages granted to Brahmins called Brahmatyam. This was a common practice in ancient India where Brahmins were granted land as a form of patronage. However, this reason is not related to the assertion given in A.
- Therefore, while Reason R is true, Assertion A is false, and there is no cause-effect relationship between the two.

The Tamil work that highlights the importance of Jaina philosophy is Jivak-Chintamani. Let's understand why:

Jivak-Chintamani:

- Jivak-Chintamani is a Tamil work that was written by Tirutakkatevar, a Jain monk.
- It is an epic poem that consists of 3,000 verses and was written in the 14th century CE.
- The poem is a philosophical treatise that talks about the Jain doctrine of karma, the cycle of birth and death, and the importance of practicing non-violence and asceticism.
- The work also highlights the Jain concept of the three jewels, which are right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
- The poem is considered to be an important work in the Jain tradition and is often recited during religious ceremonies.

Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, and Pattupattu:

- Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, and Pattupattu are other Tamil works that are considered to be classics of Tamil literature.
- However, these works do not specifically highlight the importance of Jaina philosophy.
- Silappadikaram is a story of a courtesan named Kannagi who seeks justice for her husband's wrongful execution. The work explores themes of love, justice, and morality.
- Manimekalai is a Buddhist work that tells the story of a young woman named Manimekalai who becomes a Buddhist nun and learns about the Buddhist concept of enlightenment.
- Pattupattu is a collection of ten Tamil poems that were written by various authors. The poems explore themes of love, war, and nature.

In conclusion, Jivak-Chintamani is the Tamil work that specifically highlights the importance of Jaina philosophy, while Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, and Pattupattu explore other themes.

Foreign authors and their references to Sangam age:

I. Pliny, the Elder:
- Roman author and naturalist
- Wrote about pearls found in the Gulf of Mannar during the Sangam age
- Mentioned the Pandyan kingdom and its trade relations with Rome

II. Strabo:
- Greek geographer and historian
- Mentioned the Pandyan kingdom and its pearl fisheries
- Described the port city of Korkai in detail

III. Author of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea:
- Anonymous Greek author
- Described the maritime trade routes and ports along the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea
- Mentioned the Pandyan kingdom and its trade in pearls, textiles, and spices

IV. Ptolemy:
- Greek astronomer and geographer
- Included the Pandyan kingdom and its capital Madurai in his map of the world
- Described the Chera and Chola kingdoms as well

Therefore, the correct answer is option D, as all of the mentioned foreign authors have made references to the Sangam age in their works.

Overview of Sangam Age Economy
The Sangam Age, which spanned from 300 BCE to 300 CE in southern India, was marked by vibrant trade and cultural exchanges. Let's analyze the pairs related to its economy.
Analysis of Each Pair
- Uraiyur - Known for cotton clothes
- This pair is correctly matched. Uraiyur was indeed known for its cotton textiles and played a significant role in textile production during the Sangam period.
- Puhar - Major import of horses
- This pair is incorrectly matched. Puhar (or Kaveripattinam) was primarily a port city famous for its trade, but it was not specifically known for the import of horses. Instead, it was more of a trade hub for various goods.
- Musiri - Port involved in internal trade
- This pair is incorrectly matched. Musiri was an important port for international trade, particularly with the Roman Empire, rather than being primarily known for internal trade.
- Arikkamedu - Shipbuilding center
- This pair is incorrectly matched. While Arikkamedu was an important port and trading center, it was not specifically recognized as a shipbuilding center. It was more significant for its connection to trade and commerce.
Conclusion
From the analysis, only the first pair about Uraiyur is correctly matched. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A': Only one pair is correctly matched.

Explanation:

Assertion A: Women do not seem to have owned property, irrespective of whether they were queens or farm labourers.

Reason R: Sati was known though not universal, but we find no instances of unwilling women being forced to it.

Option B: If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

The assertion states that women did not seem to have owned property, regardless of their social status. The reason given is that while Sati (a custom where a widow immolates herself on her husband's funeral pyre) was known, there were no instances of unwilling women being forced into it.

To evaluate the correctness of the assertion and the reason, let's analyze them separately.

Evaluating Assertion A:

The assertion claims that women did not seem to have owned property. However, this statement is not entirely accurate. In many ancient societies, including India, women did have the right to own property. In fact, there are historical records and legal texts that mention women owning property, such as land or jewelry. For example, the 'Stridhan' system in ancient India allowed women to own and inherit property. Hence, assertion A is false.

Evaluating Reason R:

The reason given is that while Sati was known, there were no instances of unwilling women being forced into it. Sati was indeed a practice in some parts of ancient India, where widows were expected to self-immolate on their husband's funeral pyre. However, it is incorrect to assume that there were no instances of unwilling women being forced into Sati. Historical records and accounts suggest that many widows were coerced or pressured into Sati against their will. Additionally, there are instances where women were forcibly dragged into the pyre against their consent. Hence, reason R is also false.

Evaluating Option B:

Option B states that both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. This is the correct option because both the assertion and reason have been evaluated as false. Furthermore, the reason does not provide an accurate explanation for the assertion. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

In conclusion, option B is the correct answer as both the assertion and reason are false, and the reason does not provide a correct explanation for the assertion.

Port of Balita in Sangam Age

The Sangam Age was a period of Tamil history that lasted from 300 BCE to 300 CE. During this time, trade and commerce flourished, and ports played a crucial role in facilitating trade relations with other countries.

The important port on the western coast during the Sangam Age was the Port of Balita. It was located near the present-day city of Vizhinjam in Kerala, India. The port was known for its strategic location and was one of the busiest ports in South India.

Importance of the Port of Balita

The Port of Balita played a significant role in the trade relations between South India and other countries. Some of the commodities that were traded through this port included:

- Spices such as pepper, cardamom, and cinnamon
- Pearls
- Ivory
- Textiles

The port was also an important center for shipbuilding and repair. The ships that were built in this port were known for their quality and durability.

Apart from trade and commerce, the Port of Balita was also an important center for cultural exchange. It was a hub for scholars, poets, and artists who came from different parts of the world to exchange ideas and knowledge.

Conclusion

The Port of Balita was a crucial center of trade, commerce, and cultural exchange during the Sangam Age. Its strategic location and efficient management made it one of the busiest ports in South India. Today, the port is not in use, but its legacy continues to inspire and inform our understanding of the rich history and culture of India.

The assertion A states that in the Sangam age, Variyilar was in charge of revenue collections. The reason R given for this assertion is that Ayakkarar was the revenue accountant who moved from place to place for the collection of trade and transit duties.

Explanation:
The Sangam age refers to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE in South India, during which the Tamil literature known as Sangam literature was produced. The society during this period was organized into different occupational groups, and revenue collection was an important aspect of the administration.

The assertion A is true in the sense that Variyilar was one of the officers responsible for revenue collection in the Sangam age. Variyilar was the head of the administration in charge of revenue collection, and he was assisted by a team of officials who were responsible for different aspects of revenue collection, such as surveying lands, assessing taxes, and collecting revenue.

The reason R is also true in the sense that Ayakkarar was one of the officials responsible for revenue collection in the Sangam age. Ayakkarar was the revenue accountant who maintained the accounts of revenue collection and supervised the collection of trade and transit duties. Ayakkarar was not a stationary official but moved from place to place to oversee the collection of revenue.

However, the reason R is not the correct explanation of the assertion A. The fact that Ayakkarar was responsible for revenue collection does not necessarily mean that Variyilar was not in charge of revenue collections. In fact, Variyilar and Ayakkarar both played important roles in revenue collection, but their responsibilities were different. Variyilar was in charge of the overall administration of revenue collection, while Ayakkarar was responsible for maintaining the accounts and supervising the collection of trade and transit duties.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Great Poet Contemporary of Chola King Karikaral and Chera King Senguttuvan

The great poet who was a contemporary of the Chola king Karikaral and the Chera King Senguttuvan was Paranar. He was a famous Tamil poet who lived during the Sangam period. The Sangam period is considered to be the golden age of Tamil literature and culture, and it lasted from 300 BCE to 300 CE.

Paranar's Contribution to Tamil Literature

Paranar was one of the 63 Nayanmars, who were the devotees of Lord Shiva. He was also a member of the Tamil Sangam, which was a gathering of Tamil scholars and poets who met to discuss literature and poetry. Paranar's contributions to Tamil literature were significant, and he is best known for his poems on Lord Shiva and his devotees.

Paranar's Famous Works

Some of Paranar's famous works include the Tiruvilayadal Puranam, which is a collection of stories about the 64 miracles of Lord Shiva, and the Tirumurukarrupadai, which is a collection of poems on Lord Murugan, the son of Lord Shiva. Paranar's poems were known for their lyrical beauty, and they were highly praised by his contemporaries and later generations of Tamil poets.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Paranar was a great poet who lived during the Sangam period, and he was a contemporary of the Chola king Karikaral and the Chera King Senguttuvan. His contributions to Tamil literature were significant, and he is considered to be one of the greatest poets of Tamil Nadu. His poems on Lord Shiva and his devotees continue to be popular among Tamil readers, and they are an important part of Tamil literary heritage.