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Index

Plato and Aristotle

The Foundations of Rationalism

Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume)

Kant

Hegel

Logical Positivism

Moore, Russell and Early Wittgenstein

Later Wittgenstein

Phenomenology (Husserl)

Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger)

Quine and Strawson

Cârvâka

Jainism

Schools of Buddhism

Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika

Sâmkhya

Yoga

Mimâmsâ

Schools of Vedânta

Aurobindo

Social and Political ideals

Sovereignty

Individual and State

Forms of Government

Political Ideologies

Humanism

Crime and Punishment

Gender Discrimination

Development and Social Progress

Caste Discrimination

Notions of God

Proofs for the Existence of God and Problems of Evil

Soul

Revelation

Religious Experience

Mysticism

Religion

Nature of Religious Language

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

How to Prepare for Philosophy Optional?

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All notes of Philosophy Optional for UPSC for UPSC CSE Exam

Plato and Aristotle

Plato’s Philosophy of Ideas

6 pages

PPT: Plato's Philosophies

65 pages

Plato’s Understanding of Substance

9 pages

Aristotle’s Philosophy of Form and Matter

4 pages

Aristotle’s Theory of Substance

5 pages

PPT: Aristotle’s Philosophies

65 pages

Plato’s View on Causation

12 pages

Aristotle’s Four Causes

12 pages

Actuality and Potentiality in Aristotle’s Philosophy

6 pages

Comparative Analysis of Plato and Aristotle’s Philosophies

2 pages

Mind Map: Plato and Aristotle

1 page

Flashcards: Comparative Analysis of Plato and Aristotle’s Philosophies

32 cards

Topic wise Previous Year Questions (Solved) : Plato and Aristotle

8 pages

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The Foundations of Rationalism

Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz)

7 pages

Cartesian Method and Certain Knowledge

7 pages

Substance (Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz)

8 pages

Philosophy of God (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz)

4 pages

Mind-Body Dualism

4 pages

Determinism and Freedom (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz)

3 pages

Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume)

Introduction to Empiricism

2 pages

Substance and Qualities (Locke, Berkeley, Hume)

10 pages

Self and God (Locke, Berkeley, Hume)

7 pages

Theory of Knowledge (Locke)

5 pages

Scepticism (Locke, Berkeley, and Hume)

8 pages

Theory of Knowledge (Berkeley)

6 pages

Theory of Knowledge (Hume)

10 pages

Philosophy Optional for UPSC

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Kant

Introduction to Kant’s Philosophy

4 pages

Kant: The Possibility of Synthetic a priori Judgments

14 pages

Kant’s Categories

4 pages

Kant’s Ideas of Reason

5 pages

Kant’s Antinomies

5 pages

Kant’s Space and Time

24 pages

Kant’s Critique of Proofs for the Existence of God

12 pages

Hegel

Hegel: Dialectical Method; Absolute Idealism

16 pages

Logical Positivism

Verification Theory of Meaning

3 pages

Rejection of Metaphysics

11 pages

Linguistic Theory of Necessary Propositions

18 pages

Moore, Russell and Early Wittgenstein

Defence of Commonsense (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

6 pages

Refutation of Idealism (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

4 pages

Logical Atomism (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

5 pages

Logical Constructions (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

11 pages

Incomplete Symbols (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

3 pages

Picture Theory of Meaning (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

2 pages

Saying and Showing (Moore, Russell, and Early Wittgenstein)

2 pages

Later Wittgenstein

Meaning and Use (Later Wittgenstein)

5 pages

Language-games (Later Wittgenstein)

11 pages

Critique of Private Language (Later Wittgenstein)

6 pages

Phenomenology (Husserl)

Method – Phenomenology (Husserl)

9 pages

Theory of Essences – Phenomenology (Husserl)

6 pages

Avoidance of Psychologism – Phenomenology (Husserl)

12 pages

Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger)

Existence and Essence

14 pages

Choice, Responsibility and Authentic Existence

4 pages

Being–in–the–world and Temporality

6 pages

Quine and Strawson

Critique of Empiricism (Quine and Strawson)

6 pages

Theory of Basic Particulars and Persons (Quine and Strawson)

6 pages

Cârvâka

Cârvâka: Theory of Knowledge

14 pages

Cârvâka: Rejection of Transcendent Entities

14 pages

Jainism

Jainism: Theory of Reality

4 pages

Jainism: Saptabhaòginaya

7 pages

Schools of Buddhism

Pratîtyasamutpâda (Schools of Buddhism)

5 pages

Ksanikavada (Schools of Buddhism)

12 pages

Nairâtmyavâda (Schools of Buddhism)

8 pages

Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika

Theory of Categories (Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika)

7 pages

Theory of Appearance (Nyâya-Vaiśeṣika)

11 pages

Theory of Pramâna (Nyâya-Vaiśeṣika)

5 pages

Theory of Causation & Atomistic Theory of Creation (Nyâya-Vaiśeṣika)

3 pages

Self, Liberation, God, Proofs for the Existence of God (Nyâya-Vaiśeṣika)

12 pages

Sâmkhya

Prakrti (Sâmkhya)

4 pages

Purusa (Sâmkhya)

7 pages

Causation (Sâmkhya)

11 pages

Liberation (Sâmkhya)

8 pages

Yoga

Introduction to Yoga Philosophy

1 page

Cittavrtti (Yoga)

4 pages

Citta (Yoga)

13 pages

Klesas (Yoga)

12 pages

Samadhi (Yoga)

11 pages

Kaivalya (Yoga)

13 pages

Mimâmsâ

Mimâmsâ: Theory of Knowledge

4 pages

Schools of Vedânta

Brahman (Schools of Vedânta)

4 pages

Îúvara (Schools of Vedânta)

12 pages

Âtman (Schools of Vedânta)

11 pages

Jiva (Schools of Vedânta)

11 pages

Jagat (Schools of Vedânta)

12 pages

Mâyâ (Schools of Vedânta)

9 pages

Avidyâ (Schools of Vedanta)

12 pages

Adhyâsa (Schools of Vedanta)

8 pages

Moksa (Schools of Vedanta)

8 pages

Aprthaksiddhi (Schools of Vedanta)

8 pages

Pancavidhabheda (Schools of Vedanta)

10 pages

Aurobindo

Aurobindo: Evolution

12 pages

Aurobindo: Involution

8 pages

Social and Political ideals

Liberty: Social and Political ideals

27 pages

Equality: Social and Political ideals

13 pages

Justice: Social and Political ideals

19 pages

Sovereignty

Sovereignty: Austin, Bodin, Laski & Kautilya

12 pages

Individual and State

Rights; Duties and Accountability

27 pages

Forms of Government

Democracy: Forms of Government

14 pages

Monarchy: Forms of Government

4 pages

Theocracy: Forms of Government

3 pages

Political Ideologies

Socialism: Political Ideologies

1 page

Marxism: Political Ideologies

3 pages

Anarchism: Political Ideologies

3 pages

Humanism

Humanism: A Philosophy

8 pages

The Concept of 'Secularism'

3 pages

Multiculturalism: Development and Themes

8 pages

Crime and Punishment

The Complex Nature of Crime

2 pages

Evolution of Punishment

5 pages

Gender Discrimination

Gender Discrimination: Female Land and Property Rights; Empowerment

11 pages

Development and Social Progress

Concept of Development and Social Progress

7 pages

Amartya Sen’s "Capability Approach" to Development

6 pages

UN Declaration on Social Progress and Development

5 pages

Caste Discrimination

Caste Discrimination: Rationalization of the Caste System

7 pages

Notions of God

Religion and Theology - Philosophy of Religion

4 pages

Notions of God: Attributes; Relation to Man and the World. (Indian and Western)

24 pages

Proofs for the Existence of God and Problems of Evil

Problems of Evil

5 pages

Proofs for the Existence of God and their Critique (Indian and Western)

24 pages

Soul

Soul: Immortality; Rebirh and Liberation

11 pages

Reason, Revelation and faith

7 pages

Revelation

Revelation: Unveiling Divine Truth

8 pages

Religious Experience

Religious Experience: Nature and Object (Indian and Western)

10 pages

Mysticism

Mysticism Experience

11 pages

Religion

Religion without God

7 pages

Religion and Morality

15 pages

Religious Pluralism and the Problem of Absolute Truth

13 pages

Nature of Religious Language

Nature of Religious Language: Analogical and- Symbolic; Cognitivist and Noncognitive

18 pages

2024

Philosophy Optional Paper 1 - 2024

8 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

21 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

17 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2 - 2024

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

16 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

22 pages

2023

Philosophy Optional Paper 1 - 2023

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

17 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

17 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2 - 2023

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

17 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

16 pages

2022

Philosophy Optional Paper 1 - 2022

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

32 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

29 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2 - 2022

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

21 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

24 pages

2021

Philosophy Optional Paper 1- 2021

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

34 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

24 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2- 2021

5 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

26 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

26 pages

2020

Philosophy Optional Paper 1- 2020

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

32 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

26 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2- 2020

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

31 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

28 pages

2019

Philosophy Optional Paper 1- 2019

4 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2019: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

32 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2019: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

30 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2- 2019

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2019: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

13 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2019: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

32 pages

2018

Philosophy Optional Paper 1- 2018

5 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2018: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- A)

31 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2018: Philosophy Paper 1 (Section- B)

16 pages

Philosophy Optional Paper 2- 2018

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2018: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- A)

31 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2018: Philosophy Paper 2 (Section- B)

27 pages

How to Prepare for Philosophy Optional?

UPSC Optional Subject Syllabus: Philosophy

3 pages

90 Days Study Plan for Philosophy Optional

4 pages

Philosophy Optional for UPSC

60 videos|168 docs

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Revision notes for Philosophy Optional for UPSC 2025 is part of UPSC CSE exam preparation. The notes have been prepared according to the UPSC CSE exam syllabus. The revision notes, tests & MCQs are made for UPSC CSE 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.

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