All questions of Modern for Bank Exams Exam

Lord Lytton to strengthen the financial power took many steps like

• encourage the provinces in collecting the revenue.
• Abolished many import duty and supported free trade policy for the British.
• He also introduced the Statutory Civil Service exclusively for Indians, which was later abolished.

Salient features of this act were as follows:

• Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences other than a violent one.
• The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
• Manufacture of salt by Indians will be allowed.

Understanding the Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant episode in India’s struggle for independence. Two key statements regarding this movement are presented, and both are indeed correct.
1. M.K. Gandhi's Manifesto
- In March 1920, Mahatma Gandhi issued a manifesto outlining the principles of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- This manifesto emphasized the doctrine of nonviolence and called upon Indians to withdraw from British institutions and resist British rule peacefully.
- Gandhi's approach was revolutionary in promoting nonviolent resistance as a fundamental strategy in the freedom struggle.
2. C.R. Das and the Nagpur Session
- During the Indian National Congress's annual session in Nagpur in December 1920, C.R. Das played a crucial role.
- He moved the resolution for the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was a pivotal moment in the Congress's history.
- The resolution received widespread support and marked a shift towards mass mobilization against British rule.
Conclusion
Both statements are accurate, establishing the foundational elements of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhi’s advocacy for nonviolence and C.R. Das’s resolution were integral to the movement's launch. Thus, the correct answer is option 'C', confirming the validity of both assertions.
This pivotal movement laid the groundwork for further resistance against colonial rule, demonstrating the power of collective action and nonviolent protest in India's quest for independence.

Overview of the Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930, was a significant phase in the Indian struggle for independence from British rule. Several statements have been made regarding this movement, and analyzing them helps clarify historical facts.
Statement 1: Official Approval by Congress
- The movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi without formal approval from the Indian National Congress (INC).
- The Congress was divided on the method and timing of launching such a mass movement.
Statement 2: 26th January as Independence Day
- The decision to observe 26th January as Independence Day was indeed made during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The INC declared this day in 1930 to symbolize the demand for complete independence.
Statement 3: Round Table Conferences
- The Round Table Conferences were convened in 1930, 1931, and 1932, but they were not exclusively a result of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The British Government's need to negotiate with Indian leaders was a broader context that included various factors.
Statement 4: Withdrawal of the Movement
- The movement was temporarily withdrawn in 1934 due to escalating violence, particularly after the incident at the Salt March and subsequent clashes.
- Gandhi believed in non-violence, and the violence undermined the movement’s objectives.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statements 1 and 4 are correct: The movement was not formally approved, and it was withdrawn due to violence.
- Statement 2 is correct: The significance of 26th January was established during this period.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Round Table Conferences were not solely a result of this movement.
Thus, the correct answer is option C (2 and 4 only), as these statements accurately reflect the historical context of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930, when he had announced that he would lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast. Massive protests followed Gandhi’s arrest in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, and Sholapur, where the response was the most fierce. After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned:

• non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;
• a no-chowkidari-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and
• violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.

Poona Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932. It was a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle and had implications for the political representation of the depressed classes (now known as Scheduled Castes).

Explanation:
1. Mahatma Gandhi ended his fast in the jail as a protest against separate electorates for the depressed classes:
- Mahatma Gandhi had gone on a hunger strike in September 1932 to protest against the British Government's decision to grant separate electorates to the depressed classes. This decision was made as a result of the Communal Award announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
- Gandhi believed that separate electorates would further divide the Indian society along caste lines and weaken the unity of the nation. He saw it as a threat to the concept of a unified India.
- The fast was a way for Gandhi to put pressure on the British Government and to appeal to the conscience of the people. He wanted to create awareness about the issue and mobilize public opinion against separate electorates.
- After intense negotiations between Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar, the Poona Pact was reached on September 24, 1932. As a result, Gandhi agreed to end his fast.

2. Reservation of seats for the depressed classes out of the general electorate in the provincial Legislatures:
- The Poona Pact led to the abandonment of separate electorates for the depressed classes. Instead, it provided for reserved seats for them within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.
- The depressed classes were given a fixed number of seats in proportion to their population, which would be elected by the general electorate. This arrangement ensured their political representation and participation in the democratic process.
- This decision was significant as it recognized the importance of the depressed classes in the political sphere and aimed to uplift their social and economic conditions through political empowerment.
- The reservation of seats for the depressed classes was a major step towards social justice and equality. It aimed to address the historical discrimination and marginalization faced by these communities.
- The Poona Pact had a long-lasting impact on the political landscape of India. It paved the way for the inclusion of the depressed classes in the political decision-making process and contributed to the strengthening of the democratic fabric of the country.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Poona Pact resulted in the end of Gandhi's fast and the reservation of seats for the depressed classes within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.

Main Objectives of the Khilafat Movement:

The Khilafat movement was a significant political and religious movement in India during the early 20th century. It aimed to mobilize Indian Muslims against the British colonial rule and to support the cause of the Ottoman Caliphate. The main objectives of the Khilafat movement are as follows:

1. Raising anti-British feelings among the Muslims of India: One of the primary objectives of the Khilafat movement was to unite Indian Muslims against British colonial rule. The movement sought to channelize the religious sentiments of Muslims to foster a sense of unity and resistance against British oppression. By highlighting the perceived injustices inflicted upon the Ottoman Caliphate, the movement aimed to generate anti-British sentiments among the Muslim population.

2. Reforming Muslim society: The Khilafat movement also aimed to address social and educational issues within the Muslim community. It sought to promote reforms within Muslim society, including the eradication of social evils and the improvement of educational opportunities for Muslims. The movement encouraged Muslims to participate in social and educational initiatives that would uplift their community.

3. Demanding separate electorates and preserving the Khilafat: The Khilafat movement demanded the preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate, which was seen as the spiritual and political leader of the global Muslim community. The movement called for the establishment of separate electorates for Muslims, ensuring their political representation and rights. The preservation of the Khilafat was seen as crucial for the protection of Muslim interests and identity.

4. Saving the Ottoman Empire and preserving the Khilafat: The Khilafat movement also aimed to save the collapsing Ottoman Empire, which faced threats from European powers during World War I. The movement sought to mobilize support for the Ottoman Caliphate and prevent its disintegration. Indian Muslims viewed the Khilafat as a symbol of Muslim unity and the protector of their religious rights.

In conclusion, the main objectives of the Khilafat movement were to raise anti-British sentiments among Indian Muslims, reform Muslim society, demand separate electorates, and preserve the Ottoman Caliphate. The movement played a significant role in mobilizing Muslims against British colonial rule and highlighting the religious and political concerns of the Muslim community.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Lahore Congress Session, 1929.

Explanation:
The Indian National Congress (INC) declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) to be its goal in the Lahore Congress Session held in 1929. This session is particularly significant in the history of the Indian independence movement as it marked a shift in the INC's approach towards the British rule in India.

1. Lahore Congress Session:
- The Lahore Congress Session was held from 26th to 31st December 1929.
- It was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, who later became the first Prime Minister of independent India.
- The session was significant as it was during this session that the demand for complete independence was officially adopted by the INC.

2. Adoption of Poorna Swaraj:
- On 31st December 1929, the resolution for Poorna Swaraj was passed unanimously by the Congress.
- The resolution declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress was complete independence from British rule, rather than the previously stated demand for dominion status.
- The resolution also called for civil disobedience and non-cooperation as the means to achieve this goal.

3. Declaration of Independence Day:
- Along with the resolution, it was also decided to celebrate 26th January as Independence Day.
- This day was chosen to commemorate the declaration of independence and to mobilize public support for the freedom struggle.

4. Impact:
- The declaration of Poorna Swaraj had a profound impact on the Indian freedom movement.
- It galvanized the masses and led to widespread participation in the civil disobedience movement and other non-violent protests.
- The Lahore Congress Session and the adoption of Poorna Swaraj marked a turning point in the history of the Indian independence movement, as it demonstrated the determination of the Indian people to fight for their freedom.

In conclusion, the Indian National Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its goal during the Lahore Congress Session in 1929. This declaration had a significant impact on the freedom movement and paved the way for future struggles against British rule in India.

Overview of the Slogan
The slogan "Inquilab Zindabad," which translates to "Long Live the Revolution," is a powerful rallying cry associated with the Indian independence movement. It embodies the spirit of resistance and the call for revolutionary change against colonial rule.
Origin of the Slogan
- The slogan was popularized by Bhagat Singh, a prominent revolutionary leader in the fight against British colonialism.
- Bhagat Singh, along with his associates, used this slogan to inspire youth and mobilize support for the revolutionary cause.
Historical Context
- The early 20th century witnessed a surge in revolutionary activities in India, fueled by discontent over British policies and repression.
- The slogan symbolizes the desire for immediate and radical change, contrasting with more moderate approaches to independence.
Bhagat Singh’s Influence
- Bhagat Singh became an icon of youth rebellion and sacrifice, advocating for socialism and equality.
- His execution in 1931 turned him into a martyr, further solidifying the slogan's significance in the struggle for independence.
Legacy of the Slogan
- "Inquilab Zindabad" continues to resonate in modern India, representing a spirit of revolution and resistance against oppression.
- It is often invoked in various movements advocating for social justice, equality, and civil rights.
In summary, the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad" is indelibly linked to Bhagat Singh's legacy, encapsulating the fervor for revolutionary change during India's freedom struggle.

Consequences of the First World War for India and the Indian National movement included:

1. Increase in defence expenditure:
- The First World War led to a significant increase in defence expenditure for India. The British government required funds to finance the war effort and India, as a colony, had to contribute to this.
- To raise funds, the British government introduced war loans and increased taxes in India. This had a direct impact on the Indian economy and the financial burden on the people.

2. Lowering of customs duties:
- As a result of the war, the British government lowered customs duties to zero, allowing for the importation of cheap British products into India.
- This policy undermined Indian industries and businesses, as they struggled to compete with the flood of cheap imports. It had a negative impact on the Indian economy, leading to unemployment and a decline in indigenous industries.

3. Repeal of the Rowlatt Act:
- The Rowlatt Act, passed in 1919 by the British government, aimed to suppress political dissent in India. It gave the colonial government the power to arrest and detain individuals without trial.
- However, the Act faced strong opposition and sparked protests and demonstrations across India. The Indian National Congress and other nationalist leaders demanded its repeal, viewing it as a violation of civil liberties.
- As a result of the widespread protests and pressure from the Indian National Congress, the Rowlatt Act was eventually repealed in 1922.

4. Rejuvenation of Indian industries:
- The increased demand for industrial goods during the First World War provided an opportunity for Indian industries to flourish.
- As British industries focused on meeting the war demands, Indian industries stepped in to fill the gap and catered to the domestic market. This led to the growth and rejuvenation of Indian industries.

In conclusion, the consequences of the First World War for India and the Indian National movement included an increase in defence expenditure, the lowering of customs duties, the repeal of the Rowlatt Act, and the rejuvenation of Indian industries. These factors had a significant impact on the Indian economy and the growth of the Indian National movement.

Background of the Round Table Conferences
The Round Table Conferences were a series of meetings held in London between 1930 and 1932 to discuss constitutional reforms in India. The first conference, held in 1930, was pivotal as it set the stage for the future political landscape.
Reasons for Congress's Absence
The Indian National Congress (INC) leaders chose not to attend the first Round Table Conference for several compelling reasons:
- Vague Dominions Status
The British government proposed a vague dominion status for India, which was seen by the Congress as insufficient for achieving complete independence. The INC aimed for a full self-governing status rather than a limited dominion arrangement, which they felt undermined their struggle for ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule.
- No Discussion on Future Constitution
There was no substantial offer regarding discussions about a future constitution. The Congress wanted a clear and definitive roadmap towards complete self-governance, which was lacking in the proposals presented.
- Exclusion from the Conference
While the Congress was a major political force, it was not formally invited to the conference. This exclusion was viewed as a deliberate effort by the British to sideline the Congress and engage with other political factions.
- Inclusion of Dalit and Muslim Leaders
The British government's invitation to Dalit and Muslim leaders was perceived as an attempt to create divisions within the nationalist movement. The INC believed that this tactic contradicted their vision of a united India striving for independence.
Conclusion
In summary, the Indian National Congress's non-participation in the first Round Table Conference stemmed primarily from the dissatisfaction with the vague dominion status proposed by the British government, which did not align with their aspirations for complete independence.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Neither 1 nor 2.

1. Jinnah and Ambedkar attended all the three Round table conferences.
This statement is incorrect. While Jinnah did attend all the three Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar did not attend the first Round Table Conference in 1930. He attended the second and third Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932 respectively. Ambedkar played a significant role in the framing of the Indian Constitution and was one of the principal architects of the Constitution of India.

2. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.
This statement is also incorrect. The individual satyagraha was a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. It aimed to protest against the British government's decision to involve India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders. Jawaharlal Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha. The first satyagrahi selected by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave, a social reformer and disciple of Gandhi. Nehru himself participated in the individual satyagraha later, but he was not the first satyagrahi.

In conclusion, both statements given in the question are incorrect. Jinnah and Ambedkar did not attend all the three Round Table Conferences, and Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.

Some important aspects of these resolutions were:

• Basic civil rights of freedom of speech, Freedom of Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Association, Equality before Law.
• Elections based on Universal Adult Franchise.
• Free and compulsory primary education.
• Substantial reduction in rent and taxes.
• Better conditions for workers, including a living wage, limited hours of work.
• Protection of women and peasants Government ownership or control of key industries, mines, and transport, Protection of Minorities.

The title of the 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity' was given to Muhammad Ali Jinnah by Sarojini Naidu.

Background:
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- He initially advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperation in the struggle against British colonial rule.
- However, as the political landscape evolved and communal tensions increased, Jinnah began to advocate for the creation of a separate nation for Muslims, which eventually led to the formation of Pakistan.

Sarojini Naidu:
- Sarojini Naidu was a prominent freedom fighter, poet, and politician. She played an active role in the Indian independence movement.
- Naidu was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was known for her eloquence and oratory skills.
- She had a deep understanding of the complexities of Indian society and was committed to promoting communal harmony and unity.

The Title 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity':
- Sarojini Naidu, recognizing Jinnah's efforts towards Hindu-Muslim unity, bestowed upon him the title of the 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity.'
- This title reflected the recognition of Jinnah's role in bridging the gap between the two communities and promoting harmony during a time of growing communal tensions.
- It also acknowledged his efforts in working towards a united and inclusive India.

Significance:
- The title of the 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity' highlights the early phase of Jinnah's political career when he was still advocating for a united India.
- It showcases the recognition of Jinnah's efforts towards promoting communal harmony and his commitment to the idea of a united nation.
- However, as time passed, Jinnah's political stance shifted, and he eventually became the leader of the All India Muslim League, advocating for a separate nation for Muslims.
- The title serves as a reminder of the challenges and complexities of achieving unity in a diverse and multicultural society like India.

In conclusion, Sarojini Naidu, a prominent freedom fighter and politician, awarded Muhammad Ali Jinnah the title of the 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity' in recognition of his efforts towards promoting communal harmony and unity during the early phase of his political career.

Explanation:
The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Government in 1927 to review the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and to recommend changes. The Commission was composed entirely of British members and did not include a single Indian representative, which caused widespread protests in India.

The Indian National Congress boycotted the Commission and called for a nationwide Hartal (protest). Despite the protests, the Simon Commission submitted its report to the British Government in May 1930.

The report recommended the establishment of a federal system of government in India and the introduction of responsible government at the provincial level. It also recommended the abolition of the Diarchy system and the creation of a bicameral legislature at the centre.

However, the Commission failed to address the demand for complete independence and the Indian leaders rejected its recommendations. The report was also criticized for its lack of representation from India.

The first ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms’ for India was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament on the recommendations of the Simon Commission. The White Paper proposed further reforms to the Government of India Act of 1919 and included provisions for the establishment of a federal system of government in India.

The White Paper proposed the creation of a new constitution for India, which would be drafted by a Constituent Assembly composed of Indian representatives. The proposals were debated by the Joint Select Committee and eventually led to the Government of India Act of 1935, which introduced significant reforms to the Indian political system.

In conclusion, the first ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms’ for India was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament on the recommendations of the Simon Commission. The White Paper proposed further reforms to the Government of India Act of 1919 and included provisions for the establishment of a federal system of government in India.

Both the statements are correct.

The correct answer is option A: 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation:
The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1931, was an important event in the Indian freedom struggle. It had significant outcomes and endorsed the following:

1. Endorsement of the Delhi Pact: The Delhi Pact was a historic agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, in March 1931. It aimed at resolving certain key issues and marked a significant step towards the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule). The Karachi session of the Congress endorsed the Delhi Pact, thereby reaffirming its commitment to the agreement.

2. Reiteration of the goal of purna swaraj: Purna Swaraj, meaning complete independence, was the ultimate goal of the Indian National Congress. The Karachi session reiterated this goal, emphasizing the Congress's determination to achieve full self-rule for India.

3. Adoption of resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme: The Karachi session saw the adoption of two important resolutions. The first resolution focused on Fundamental Rights, highlighting the Congress's commitment to safeguarding the basic rights and liberties of the Indian people. The second resolution dealt with the National Economic Programme, addressing issues related to economic development, agrarian reforms, industrialization, and equitable distribution of wealth.

These resolutions were significant as they reflected the Congress's comprehensive vision for an independent India, encompassing both political and socio-economic aspects.

In conclusion, the Karachi session of the Congress in 1931 was important because it endorsed the Delhi Pact, reiterated the goal of purna swaraj, and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme. These outcomes demonstrated the Congress's unity, determination, and commitment towards achieving independence for India.

Gandhi's opposition to separate electorates was based on two main reasons:

1. Perpetual Bondage of the Harijans:
Gandhi strongly believed in social equality and the upliftment of the oppressed classes, particularly the Harijans or the untouchables. He argued that separate electorates would perpetuate the bondage of the Harijans by segregating them from the rest of society. According to him, the separate electorates would further marginalize the Harijans and hinder their integration into the mainstream society. Gandhi believed that the true solution to their problems lay in removing social discrimination and providing equal opportunities for all, rather than segregating them into separate electorates.

2. Social Disharmony and Lack of Unity:
Gandhi also opposed separate electorates because he believed that it would lead to social disharmony and a lack of unity among different communities. He emphasized the importance of unity and harmony in a diverse society like India. Gandhi envisioned a united and inclusive India where people from all communities would live together in harmony. He believed that separate electorates would create divisions among communities, leading to the fragmentation of society and hindering the progress of India as a nation. Gandhi's vision was to build a cohesive society where people would transcend their caste and religious identities to work together for the betterment of the nation.

In summary, Gandhi opposed separate electorates primarily because he believed it would perpetuate the bondage of the Harijans and hinder their integration into society, as well as lead to social disharmony and a lack of unity among different communities. He advocated for social equality, unity, and the upliftment of all sections of society, and saw separate electorates as contrary to these principles.

Explanation:

1. The Punjab Hindu Sabha:
- The statement that the Punjab Hindu Sabha, founded in 1909, was instrumental in spreading communalism is true.
- The Punjab Hindu Sabha was a Hindu organization founded in 1909 in Lahore, Punjab. It aimed to represent the interests of Hindus in Punjab and safeguard their rights.
- However, the Sabha also played a role in spreading communalism by emphasizing Hindu identity and interests over those of other religious communities, particularly Muslims.
- This emphasis on religious identity and interests contributed to the growing communal tensions in the region, leading to the eventual partition of India in 1947.

2. All India Hindu Mahasabha:
- The statement that the first session of the All India Hindu Mahasabha was held under the Maharaja of Travancore's presidency in April 1915 is not true.
- The All India Hindu Mahasabha was established in 1915 in Haridwar, with the aim of promoting Hindu unity and protecting Hindu interests.
- The first session of the Mahasabha was actually held in April 1915 in Amritsar and not under the presidency of the Maharaja of Travancore.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A', where only statement 1 is true.

Background:
Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement. He advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve political and social change. Swarajists, on the other hand, were a group of leaders within the Indian National Congress who believed in participating in the legislative councils established by the British government.

Explanation:
1. He was opposed to the council-entry programme of Swarajists:
Mahatma Gandhi was indeed opposed to the council-entry programme of the Swarajists. He believed that participating in the legislative councils would legitimize British rule and compromise the goal of complete independence. Gandhi advocated for a complete boycott of the councils and called for the promotion of self-reliance and self-governance at the grassroots level.

2. He never considered them patriots and avoided any personal relations with Swarajists:
This statement is not entirely accurate. While Gandhi was opposed to the council-entry programme, he did not view the Swarajists as unpatriotic. In fact, many of the Swarajist leaders, such as Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, were respected figures in the Indian National Congress and played significant roles in the freedom struggle. Gandhi may have disagreed with their approach, but he recognized their contributions to the movement.

However, it is true that Gandhi maintained a certain distance from the Swarajists and did not form close personal relations with them. This was mainly due to his differing views on the means and methods of achieving independence. Gandhi believed in nonviolent resistance and mass mobilization, while the Swarajists believed in utilizing the legislative councils to push for reforms. Despite this, Gandhi did not consider them unpatriotic or enemies of the freedom movement.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi was opposed to the council-entry programme of the Swarajists, but he did not view them as unpatriotic. While he maintained a distance from them and did not form close personal relations, Gandhi recognized their contributions to the freedom struggle. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 only.

Introduction:
The New Swarajists were a group of freedom fighters who advocated for a new form of self-rule and governance in India during the freedom struggle. They believed in the principles of non-violence, decentralization, and the empowerment of the masses.

Explanation:
Among the given options, the freedom fighter who is not considered a New Swarajist is option 'D' - None of the above. This is because all the other options mentioned - Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and M.A. Ansari - were prominent leaders of the New Swarajist movement during the independence struggle.

Bhulabhai Desai:
Bhulabhai Desai was a prominent lawyer and politician who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt Satyagraha. Desai was known for his commitment to the principles of non-violence and his efforts to empower the masses.

Asaf Ali:
Asaf Ali was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the freedom struggle. He was actively involved in various movements and protests against British rule, including the Quit India Movement. Asaf Ali also served as the President of the Indian National Congress and was known for his support for the principles of non-violence and self-governance.

M.A. Ansari:
M.A. Ansari was a prominent lawyer, politician, and social reformer who actively participated in the freedom struggle. He was associated with the Khilafat Movement and played a crucial role in mobilizing the Muslim community in support of the independence movement. Ansari believed in the principles of non-violence and worked towards the empowerment of marginalized sections of society.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given options, none of the mentioned freedom fighters - Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and M.A. Ansari - can be considered as not being New Swarajists. They were all actively involved in the New Swarajist movement and played significant roles in the Indian independence struggle.

All the statements are correct.

Non-Cooperation Movement and Chauri-Chaura Incident
The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) was a significant phase in India's struggle for independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Chauri-Chaura incident in February 1922 played a crucial role in Gandhi's decision to suspend the movement.
1. Ideals of Non-Violence
- The Chauri-Chaura incident involved a violent clash where a police station was attacked by a mob, resulting in the deaths of policemen.
- Gandhi firmly believed in non-violence as a fundamental principle of the movement.
- The violence at Chauri-Chaura contradicted the core ideals of the NCM, prompting Gandhi to call for its suspension.
2. Leadership Dynamics
- Contrary to the assertion, the Chauri-Chaura incident was not initiated by extremist leaders; it was a spontaneous reaction by local people.
- Gandhi aimed to unify the Indian National Congress under a non-violent framework, and the incident's violent nature was contrary to this vision.
3. Geographical Context
- The Non-Cooperation Movement was indeed launched in the United Provinces and across India.
- Gandhi did not fear destabilization due to geographical context but was more concerned about maintaining a non-violent approach in the face of rising violence.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option 'A' because the primary reason for calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement was its contradiction to Gandhi's commitment to non-violence, as highlighted by the Chauri-Chaura incident. The other options do not accurately reflect the historical context and Gandhi's leadership philosophy.

**The Red Shirts movement was launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan**

The Red Shirts movement was a political movement launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan, in the early 1930s. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a follower of Gandhi's principles of non-violence and believed in the power of peaceful resistance to bring about political change.

**Background of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement was primarily aimed at mobilizing the Pashtun population in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India, which is now a part of Pakistan. The Pashtuns, who are predominantly Muslim, were facing various challenges under the British colonial rule, including economic exploitation and political marginalization.

**Objectives of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had several objectives:

1. Political Mobilization: The movement aimed to mobilize the Pashtun population and raise political awareness among them. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that by organizing the people, they could collectively challenge the oppressive policies of the British government.

2. Non-violence and Civil Disobedience: The Red Shirts movement followed the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience, similar to the larger Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that through peaceful resistance, they could achieve their goals and bring about social and political change.

3. Education and Social Reform: Along with political mobilization, the Red Shirts movement also focused on education and social reform. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan established schools and educational institutions to provide education to the Pashtun population and promote social welfare.

**Impact and Legacy of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had a significant impact on the Pashtun society and the larger Indian independence movement. It inspired and mobilized thousands of Pashtuns to actively participate in the struggle for independence. The movement also played a crucial role in promoting non-violence and communal harmony in a region marked by ethnic and religious tensions.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's Red Shirts movement remains an important chapter in the history of the Indian independence movement and serves as a reminder of the power of peaceful resistance in the face of oppression. His efforts in mobilizing the Pashtun population and promoting education and social reform continue to inspire generations in the region.

Reasons for the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

1. Gandhi's concerns:
- Mahatma Gandhi felt that the movement had become disorderly and violent.
- He was concerned about the potential harm to innocent people and the loss of focus on the original goals of the movement.

2. Internal divisions:
- There were internal divisions within the Congress party regarding the direction and strategy of the movement.
- Some leaders were in favor of continuing the movement while others believed in exploring other avenues.

3. Lack of mass support:
- The movement did not receive the kind of mass support that Gandhi had expected.
- The people were fatigued from previous movements and were not as enthusiastic to participate in another round of protests.

4. Political developments:
- The Government of India Act of 1935 was passed, which introduced provincial autonomy in British India.
- The Poona Pact between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar helped in resolving the issue of separate electorates for the depressed classes.

5. Preparing for future struggles:
- Gandhi believed that it was important to regroup, reassess strategies, and prepare for future struggles.
- He wanted to focus on constructive programs like the promotion of Khadi and social reforms.

Conclusion:
The withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934 was a strategic decision taken to address concerns about disorder, internal divisions, lack of mass support, political developments, and to prepare for future struggles in the freedom movement.

**Explanation:**

The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March or Salt Satyagraha, was a significant event in the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. It was launched against the British Raj in India, specifically targeting the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, as well as the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.

**1. State monopoly on manufacture and sale of salt:**
- The British Raj in India had established a state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, which meant that only the government had the authority to produce and distribute salt.
- This monopoly allowed the British government to control the production and pricing of salt, limiting access to this essential commodity for the Indian population.
- The state monopoly on salt was seen as a symbol of British economic exploitation and domination over India, as it deprived Indians of their right to produce and trade salt freely.

**2. Exorbitantly high salt tax:**
- In addition to the state monopoly, the British government imposed an exorbitantly high salt tax on the Indian population.
- The salt tax was a significant burden on the poor and marginalized sections of society, who were heavily dependent on salt for their dietary needs.
- The high tax on salt made it unaffordable for many Indians, exacerbating their poverty and suffering.
- The imposition of such a high tax on an essential commodity like salt was seen as an unjust and oppressive measure by the British government.

**Both 1 and 2 are correct:**
- The Dandi March was launched to challenge and protest against both the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt and the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.
- Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat, where they would produce salt in defiance of the British monopoly and tax laws.
- The act of making salt on the shores of Dandi was a symbolic gesture of non-violent civil disobedience, aiming to mobilize the Indian population and draw attention to the unjust practices of the British government.
- The Dandi March played a crucial role in galvanizing the Indian independence movement and raising awareness about the need for self-reliance and freedom from British economic exploitation.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct, and the correct answer is option C.

The person who announced a particular event or news can vary depending on the context.

Explanation:
1. According to Mahatma Gandhi, the very existence of Hinduism was at risk if untouchability continued to exist.
- Mahatma Gandhi strongly believed that untouchability was an evil practice that had no place in Hinduism. He argued that the concept of untouchability went against the fundamental principles of equality and justice that Hinduism espoused. Gandhi saw untouchability as a social injustice that needed to be eradicated for the survival and progress of Hinduism as a religion.

2. Mahatma Gandhi asked his followers to ignore shastras if they preached untouchability even in subtle form.
- Gandhi urged his followers not to blindly follow religious texts or shastras if they promoted or justified untouchability. He believed that the scriptures should be interpreted in a way that aligned with the principles of equality and social justice. Gandhi's emphasis was on using one's own conscience and reason to discern what was right and just, rather than blindly adhering to traditional practices that perpetuated discrimination.

3. Mahatma Gandhi not being hostile to Dr Ambedkar’s or other Harijan’s criticisms was a way of undergoing penance for the mistakes committed by caste Hindus against lower castes.
- Gandhi recognized the historical injustices and discrimination faced by the lower castes, also known as Harijans or Dalits. He acknowledged the criticism and grievances raised by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other leaders of the Dalit community. Gandhi's response was not to be hostile or defensive, but rather to accept and learn from these criticisms. He saw this as a form of penance, a way for caste Hindus to atone for the injustices committed against the lower castes.

4. It can be said that acceptance of reservations for scheduled castes by the caste Hindus during the early years after gaining independence was a reaction to Mahatma Gandhi’s pleas for penance and reparation.
- Mahatma Gandhi's advocacy for social justice and equality played a significant role in shaping the post-independence policies of the Indian government. His calls for penance and reparation for the historical injustices against the lower castes resonated with many caste Hindus. As a result, the Indian Constitution included provisions for reservation of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for scheduled castes (formerly untouchables). This can be seen as a response to Gandhi's pleas for penance and reparation, as it aimed to provide opportunities and upliftment to those who had been historically marginalized and oppressed.

In conclusion, all the statements mentioned in the question are correct. Mahatma Gandhi's views on untouchability were deeply rooted in his belief in the principles of equality, justice, and social reform. He saw untouchability as a threat to Hinduism and called for its eradication. Gandhi urged his followers to question and reject any religious texts or practices that promoted untouchability. He also accepted and acknowledged criticisms from leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, viewing it as a way for caste Hindus to atone for past mistakes. The acceptance of reservations for scheduled castes can be seen as a response to Gandhi's pleas for penance and reparation.

The person who said these words is Bhagat Singh.

Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He was born on September 28, 1907, in Punjab, British India. Bhagat Singh was deeply influenced by the nationalist sentiments prevailing during the time and actively participated in various revolutionary activities against British colonial rule.