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Index

Introduction to Anthropology

Human Evolution and the emergence of Man

Primates

Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution

Biological basis of life

Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology

Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods

Cultural Evolution

Nature of Culture

Nature of Society

Marriage

Family

Kinship

Economic organization

Political organization and Social Control

Religion

Anthropological theories

Culture, language and communication

Research methods in anthropology

Human Genetics

Mendelian Gentics of a Man

Concept of Genetic Polymorphism & Selection

Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations

Race and racism

Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker

Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology

Epidemiological Anthropology

Concept of human growth and development

Social Demography

Applications of Anthropology

Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization

Palaeo anthropology Evidence

Ethno-archaeology in India:

Demographic profile of India

Structure and nature of traditional Indian Social System

Caste system in India

Emergence and growth of anthropology in India

Indian Village

Linguistic and Religious minorities and their Social, Political & Economic status

Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society

Tribal situation in India

Problems of the tribal Communities

SC’s, ST’s and OBC’s

Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts & Political Developments

Tribal Administration

Role of Anthropology in Tribal and Rural Development

Nature-Man-Spirit Complex

Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies

Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian Society

Tribe & Nation state-comparative study of tribal communities in India & other countries

Contributions of Anthropology to the Understanding of Regionalism, Communalism, & Ethnic and Political Movements

Previous Year Papers of Anthropology (PYQs)

Anthropology Chapter-wise PYQs (Paper- I & Paper- II)

Dictionary of Anthropology

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

All Exams > UPSC > Anthropology Optional for UPSC > All Notes

All notes of Anthropology Optional for UPSC for UPSC CSE Exam

Introduction to Anthropology

Anthropology: Meaning, Scope & Development

6 pages

Social-cultural Anthropology

8 pages

Biological Anthopology

3 pages

Archaeological Anthropology

5 pages

Linguistic Anthropology

5 pages

Relationship with other disciplines

11 pages

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Human Evolution and the emergence of Man

Herbert Spencer (Darwinian)

8 pages

Theory of Evolution (Darwinian)

6 pages

Mutation Theory of Evolution (Post- Darwinian)

3 pages

Synthetic Theory of Evolution (Post-Darwinian)

6 pages

Concept of Evolutionary Biology

9 pages

Primates

Characteristics of Primates

7 pages

Primate Taxonomy

8 pages

Primate Classification and Evolution

7 pages

Primate Adaptations (Arboreal and Terrestrial)

4 pages

Primate Behaviour

6 pages

Tertiary and Quaternary Fossil Primates

7 pages

Living Major Primates

5 pages

Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes

5 pages

Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.

6 pages

Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution

Homo Erectus

5 pages

Neanderthal Man

3 pages

Homo Sapiens- Cro Magnon, Grimaldi and Chancelade

2 pages

Biological basis of life

Biological Cell

9 pages

DNA structure & Replication

8 pages

Protein Synthesis

8 pages

Biological Gene

3 pages

Biological Mutation

4 pages

Biological Chromosomes

5 pages

Cell Division

7 pages

Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology

4 pages

Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods

5 pages

Cultural Evolution

38 pages

Nature of Culture

Culture and Civilization

13 pages

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

4 pages

Nature of Society

Concept of Society and Culture

33 pages

Social Stratification

13 pages

Marriage

Meaning & Definition of Marriage

4 pages

Laws of marriage

9 pages

Types of Marriage

6 pages

Functions of marriage

2 pages

Marriage Payments

6 pages

Family

Functions of Family

2 pages

Types of Family

1 page

Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization and Feminist Movements on Family

16 pages

Household and Domestic Groups

1 page

Definition and Universality

7 pages

Kinship

Consanguinity and Affinity

3 pages

Principles and Types of Descent

7 pages

Forms of Descent Groups

2 pages

Kinship Terminology

1 page

Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation

2 pages

Alliance & Descent

1 page

Economic organization

Meaning, Scope & Relevance of Economic Anthropology

5 pages

Formalism, Substanivism & Culturalism

9 pages

Understanding Small Scale Economies

2 pages

Food Gathering Economy: Principles Governing Production, Distribution and Exchange

4 pages

Hunting-Fishing Economy: Principles Governing Production, Distribution and Exchange

5 pages

Pastoral Economy: Principles Governing Production, Distribution and Exchange

5 pages

Horticulture Economy: Principles Governing Production, Distribution and Exchange

4 pages

Agricultural Economy: Principles Governing Production, Distribution and Exchange

3 pages

Globalization & Indigenous Economy Systems

5 pages

Political organization and Social Control

Types of Political Organizations

11 pages

Power, Authority & Legitimacy

14 pages

Social Control

36 pages

Law and Justice in Simple Societies

12 pages

Religion

Meaning & Characteristics of Religion

5 pages

Approaches to the Study of Religion

6 pages

Monotheism and polytheism

1 page

Sacred and Profane

3 pages

Myths and Rituals

5 pages

Forms of Religion in Tribal and Peasant Societies

2 pages

The Magic

3 pages

Religion, Magic and Science

7 pages

Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Magic

2 pages

Magico-Religious Functions

16 pages

Anthropological theories

Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)

9 pages

Historical Particularism (Boas)

5 pages

The Functionalism

1 page

Structural Functionalism

2 pages

The Structuralism

27 pages

Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora –du Bois).

3 pages

Neo - Evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)

17 pages

Cultural Materialism (Harris)

11 pages

Symbolic and Interpretive Theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)

4 pages

Cognitive Theories (Tyler, Conklin)

15 pages

Postmodernism & Its Critics

27 pages

Culture, language and communication

Nature & Characteristics of Language

5 pages

Origin of Language

3 pages

Verbal and Non-verbal Communication

27 pages

Language in Social Context

7 pages

Research methods in anthropology

Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology

20 pages

Distinction Between Technique, Method and Methodology

7 pages

Tools of Data Collection

10 pages

Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation of Data

16 pages

Human Genetics

Pedigree Analysis

8 pages

Twin Study

4 pages

Foster Child

1 page

Co-Twin Method

3 pages

Cytogenetic Method (Chromosomal and karyo-Type Analysis)

4 pages

Biochemical Methods

3 pages

Immunological Methods

4 pages

D.N.A. Technology and Recombinant Technologies

5 pages

Mendelian Gentics of a Man

Polygenic Inheritance

6 pages

Lethal Gene Action

4 pages

Mendelian Principles

1 page

Concept of Genetic Polymorphism & Selection

Hardy-Weinberg Equilbrium

6 pages

Causes & Changes in Gene Frequency

10 pages

Consanguineous & Non Consanguineous Mating

10 pages

Genetic Load

3 pages

Genetic Effects of Consanguineous & Cousin Marriages

2 pages

Genetic Equilibrium

1 page

Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations

Chromosomes & Chromosomal Aberrations in Man: Methodology

7 pages

Numerical & Structural Aberrations

3 pages

Human DNA Profiling

7 pages

Sex chromosomal Aberrations

2 pages

Autosomal Aberrations

6 pages

Gene Mapping & Study

1 page

Race and racism

Race & Racism

7 pages

Biological Basis of Morphological Variation of Non-Metric & Metric Characters

27 pages

Racial Criteria, Racial Traits in Relation to Heridity & Environment

14 pages

Racial Classification & Differentiation

2 pages

Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker

Age, Sex and Population Variation as Genetic Marker

12 pages

Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology

Concepts & Methods of Ecological Anthropology

5 pages

Biocultural Adaptation – Genetic & Nongenetic factors

14 pages

Man’s Physiological Responses to Environmental Stresses

1 page

Epidemiological Anthropology

Health and Disease

6 pages

Concept of human growth and development

Stages of Human Growth

15 pages

Human physique and somatotypes

16 pages

Methodologies for growth studies

5 pages

Social Demography

Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility

6 pages

Demographic Theories- Biological, Social & Cultural

5 pages

Factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality

3 pages

Applications of Anthropology

Anthropology of sports

4 pages

Nutritional anthropology

4 pages

Paternity diagnosis

2 pages

Genetic counseling and eugenics

9 pages

DNA technology in diseases and medicine

3 pages

Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization

Palaeolithic (Prehistoric)

19 pages

Mesolithic (Prehistoric)

4 pages

Neolithic (Prehistoric)

10 pages

Prehistoric Art

6 pages

Indus Civilization

7 pages

Chalcolithic Culture

4 pages

Contributions of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization

12 pages

Palaeo anthropology Evidence

Ramapithecus - 1

26 pages

Ramapithecus - 2

21 pages

Ethno-archaeology in India:

Concept of Ethno-Archaeology

4 pages

Demographic profile of India

Linguistic Ethnicity in India - 1

22 pages

Linguistic Ethnicity in India - 2

19 pages

Linguistic Elements in the Indian Population

2 pages

National Population Policy: Evaluation

4 pages

Ethnic Elements in Indian Population

22 pages

Structure and nature of traditional Indian Social System

Structure of Indian Social System

10 pages

Varnashram, Varna & Caste

7 pages

Karma & Rebirth

6 pages

Caste system in India

Structure and Characteristics of Caste System in India

4 pages

Theories of Origin of Caste System

3 pages

Dominant Caste

4 pages

Caste Mobility

3 pages

Future of Caste System

5 pages

Jajmani System

3 pages

Tribe-Caste Continuum

6 pages

Emergence and growth of anthropology in India

Emergence and growth of Anthropology in India

10 pages

Indian Village

Significance of Village Study in India

4 pages

Indian village as a Social System

4 pages

Linguistic and Religious minorities and their Social, Political & Economic status

Linguistic and Religious Minorities and their Social, Political & Economic Status

4 pages

Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society

Sanskritization

6 pages

Westernization

15 pages

Modernization

3 pages

Difference between Modernization and Westernization

2 pages

Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)

14 pages

Media & Social change

2 pages

Inter-play of little & great traditions

24 pages

Tribal situation in India

Distribution of Linguistic & Socio-economic tribal populations

13 pages

Problems of the tribal Communities

Land alienation

22 pages

Low literacy

7 pages

Health & Nutrition

6 pages

Development of forest policy and Tribals

8 pages

Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on tribal populations

5 pages

SC’s, ST’s and OBC’s

Problems Of Exploitation And Deprivation Of Other Backward Classes

8 pages

Constitutional safeguards for SC’s and ST’s

7 pages

Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts & Political Developments

Concept of Ethnicity

2 pages

Regionalism In India

6 pages

Ethnic conflicts and political developments

22 pages

Social Change Among the Tribes During Colonial & Post Independent India

17 pages

Tribal Administration

Programmes of tribal development & their implementation

6 pages

Primitive Tribal Groups

4 pages

Role of Anthropology in Tribal and Rural Development

7 pages

Nature-Man-Spirit Complex

4 pages

Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies

Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Other Religions on Tribal Societies

22 pages

Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian Society

10 pages

Tribe & Nation state-comparative study of tribal communities in India & other countries

Tribe & Nation State-Comparative Study of Tribal Communities in India & Other Countries

26 pages

Contributions of Anthropology to the Understanding of Regionalism, Communalism, & Ethnic and Political Movements

Contributions of Anthropology: Regionalism

7 pages

Previous Year Papers of Anthropology (PYQs)

Anthropology Optional Paper 1 - 2022

4 pages

Anthropology Optional Paper 2 - 2022

4 pages

Anthropology Optional Paper 1- 2021

5 pages

Anthropology Optional Paper 2- 2021

4 pages

2020 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2020 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2019 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2019 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2018 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2018 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2017 Anthropology Paper - 1

4 pages

2017 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2016 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2016 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2015 Anthropology Paper - 1

4 pages

2015 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2014 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2014 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

2013 Anthropology Paper - 1

5 pages

2013 Anthropology Paper - 2

4 pages

Anthropology Chapter-wise PYQs (Paper- I & Paper- II)

Anthropology Chapter-wise PYQs (Paper- I)

24 pages

Anthropology Chapter-wise PYQs (Paper- II)

22 pages

Dictionary of Anthropology

Important Terminologies: A - D

75 pages

Important Terminologies: E - G

38 pages

Important Terminologies: H - K

31 pages

Important Terminologies: L - Q

65 pages

Important Terminologies: R - Z

69 pages

2024

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- A)

18 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B)

26 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- A)

23 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2024: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B)

22 pages

2023

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- A)

17 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B)

12 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- A)

15 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B)

15 pages

2022

UPSC Optional Subject Syllabus: Anthropology

6 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- A)

33 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B)

33 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- A)

31 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B)

34 pages

2021

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- A)

33 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B)

32 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- A)

33 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B)

32 pages

2020

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- A)

32 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B)

29 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- A)

34 pages

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B)

32 pages

Anthropology Optional for UPSC

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Revision notes for Anthropology Optional for UPSC 2024 is part of UPSC CSE exam preparation. The notes have been prepared according to the UPSC CSE exam syllabus. The revision notes, tests & MCQs are made for UPSC CSE 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.

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